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University of Freiburg

Wintersemester 15/16

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Translation 1 / Ahoy
German, distribution

Research

To German readers the term remained widely unknown until the 1840’s, because translators of popular maritime literature of that time often avoided it. In 1843, the German translation of the word "å-hoj" was still "hiaho" in a swedish novel. In 1847, the English ahoy was translated into the German "holla!", and the expressions all hands ahoy!, all hands (a-)hoay!, were translated into "Alles auf’s Verdeck! Überall! Überall!"

The earliest evidence in the German does not derive from factual nautical texts, but is taken from maritime prose. In the beginning, the circumstances point to uncertainties regarding the usage of the word. Since the late 1820’s ahoy and ahoi marked with the final sound –i, a feature demonstrating the Germanisation of ahoy, can be found in translations of English novels and narratives. Almost simultaneously authors start to use it in German original texts, even though rarely at first. From the mid-1840’s onward, the term was used by many widely-read authors, so that ahoi was can be regarded as established around 1850.

Entries in dictionaries remained rare in the 19th century. It is not included in the "Urduden" of 1880. The Grimm brothers’ Dictonary of German (Deutsches Wörterbuch) did not yet know the word; the first sheet with entries up to the keyword "allverein" was published in 1852. The DWB’s second edition of 1998, names 1846 and 1848 as the earliest years of documentation. In additon, the original index cards for the dictionary, which are kept in the Berlin-Brandenburg Acadamy of Sciences, do not contain any earlier entries. The standard work "Etymological Dictionary of German" (Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) by Friedrich Kluge lists ahoi as an isolated keyword only since the issue of 1999.

The automatic search for appropriate keywords in digitalized books on the internet and in offline-databanks does only yields a few useful results. German light fiction was printed so badly in the first half of the 19th century that even today good recognition software still produces a great number of errors, so that records are not found. Research in original catalogs is still necessary for a systematic search.



Bell's ahoy

The wide spread belief following Bell's death that ''Ahoy! Ahoy!'' supposedly were the first words ever spoken on a telephone, turned out to be false. Former inventors of telephones already made a transmission of speech possible. Besides, Bell’s first words addressed to his mechanic Thomas A. Watson, who was in the room next to Bell, on March 10th, 1876, were: “Mr. Watson – come here – I want to see you”. Bell’s choice of words was proven since the early telephone was able to transmit a dialogue, not only one-way messages. On October 9th, 1876, Bell used the maritime term during the first two way public phone call between Boston and East Cambridge, which were two miles apart. Watson, who was held up by a technical problem, recalled: “More loudly and more distinctly as I had ever heard it between the two rooms, Bell’s voice was vibrating [from the relay] and shouting: ‘Ahoy! Ahoy! Are you there? What is going on?’ I could even hear that he was becoming hoarse, because he had been shouting all the time whilst I was walking through the factory. I ‘ahoyed’ back at him and could hear him sigh as he asked me: ‘Where have you been all the time?’”

Since the end of October 1876, Bell regularly opened his phone calls within Watson in Cambridge with the question: “Ahoy, Watson are you there?“ On December the 3rd, 1876, Bell used the familiar term again, when he started a long-distance call with Watson in front of an audience to North Conway in New Hampshire, over (?) a 143 mile telegraph wire by the Eastern Railroad, with the words: „Ahoy! Ahoy! Watson, are you there?“ On February 12th 1877, when Watson was in Salem and Bell in Boston, Watson started the public conversation with “Ahoy! Ahoy!”. That Bell used the variation ahoy-hoy, serving as an alteration to his common double ahoy ahoy , cannot be proven.

Supposedly, ahoy-ahoy has also been the first call by a telephonist and probably dates back to the year 1878. These possible speakers could be Louis Herrick Frost, the first regularly employed boy operator, or George Willard Coy, who opened up a commercial telephone agency on January 28th 1878 in New Haven, Connecticut. He became the first full-time operator.

Reception

Alluding to the segmentation of the US telephone monopoly AT&T in 1984, William Safire said: “… thus, Ahoy! became A.T.&T.’s first divestiture“. AT&T developed from Bell’s telephone company, which was established in 1877.

The tension regarding the usage of ahoy and hello was used in various media contexts and was observed in literary theory:


 * The English speaking writer Oswald Kendall used it in a novel in 1916: “ American ship ahoy!’, the voice was calling. […] ‘Hello!’ responded Captain Hawks and I could hear laughter in his tone, the laughter of pleasure. ”


 * Montgomery Burns, owner of a nuclear power plant in the comic TV-series The Simpsons, used ahoy!hoy! on the phone, which in one episode, is answered by his incompetent employee Homer Simpson with hello.


 * A literary scholar recognized a semantic conformity of the water-like electricity terminology (wave, river, stream) in the telephone service, with the nautical ahoy being used to start a telephone conversation. As well as the hallo being in unison with the French à l‘eau, which also is “zum Wasser” in German.

The inferior ahoy



As yet, it has not been investigated how Edison's term managed to win over Bell's. Related literature names social and technical reasons for that.

There was a huge public demand for a short word, since at the beginning longer expressions of opening a conversation on the phone like “What is wanted?” or “Are you ready to talk?” were used. Supposedly, one day Edison simply said “hello” to open a call, instead of using the rather “un-American” inconvenient expressions. Hello, though not yet being the conventional form to greet someone on the phone at that time, allowed to get to the point more quickly. Furthermore, ahoy was tradiotionally followed by the name of an addresee, but this addition was not possible at the beginning of an incoming anonymous phone call. Besides, since ahoy was a maritime term, it was considered to be too manly, once women were hired as telephone operators. As the US-columnist William Safire summarized: Ahoy was too maritime for land-and telephone man and the formula was unsuitable for a conversation.

Bell and Edison followed different technical concepts in their inventions. While Bell was planning to offer new connections to the customers each time they were in need of a conversation, Edison in turn favored stable lines that stay open all the time between the participants of the phone call.

To get a hold of someone you call, Edison thought in 1877 that it was necessary to have a loud word, which can be heard over along distance.

To use a bell that can be heard through the telephone line, was an idea taken into consideration; however, the word bell reminded Edison of his competitor. When Bell’s single-line concept won over Edison’s idea, Edison began to build the switchboards that were needed, but supposedly used his term hello, in the user manuals for the telephone operators. In 1880, Hello became the established way of greeting someone on the phone in New York. The participants of the first telephone conference of telephone companies in November 1880 in Niagara Falls wore a Hello badge. In 1883 it was proven, that Hello girl was an expression referring to young women working as telephone operators, and it was popularized by the American author Mark Twain in 1889.

Translation 2 / Lorettoberg
The Lorettoberg, also known as Josephsbergle in Freiburg, is a mountain ridge in the South-West of the Wiehre district in the city of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany. The mountain, with its elevation of 384,5 meters above sea level, is wooded at its peak. It divides the district Unterwiehre-Süd and borders the Vauban district in the West. 500 meters north of the “peak” there is a high spur 348m above sea level, next to which the eponymous Lorettokapelle is located. The name derives from Loreto, the second biggest Italian (Mary-) pilgrimage destination, after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Schloss-Café is located at the top of the mountain making the Lorettoberg a popular destination for a getaway, strolling and a local recreation area.

The eastern main edge fault of the Upper Rhine Rift drags through Lorettoberg and the Höllentalbahn runs through the mountain via the Lorettotunnel. When the tunnel was built, a “geological window” was left open, through which the fault can be seen and where further decline of the Upper Rhine Rift can be measured.

Buildings
The 22,6 meter high Hildaturm has been standing on the spur at the north side of the summit since 1886. . It is built in the style of a medieval Bergfried and is a memorial of the day when Princess Hilda of Nassau, the last Grand Duchess of Baden, moved to Freiburg following her marriage to the Grand Duke of Baden, Friedrich II. During World War II, the Hildaturm was used for aerial servaillance and obeservation. During summer, the 19,86 meter high observation deck is open to public on selected days of the week.

A little north of the Hildaturm, the Lorettokapelle, which consists of three single chapels and was founded by citizens of Freiburg in 1657, can be found. It is reminiscent of the bloody fights for the Lorettoberg in 1644 (Battle of Freiburg), which was, among others, described by the poet Reinhold Schneider, who lived at the Loretto Mountain. Next to the Lorettokapelle, there is the “Schloss-Café” in the Guesthouse of the Lorettoberg, which was built in 1902 in the Art Nouveau style. Before that, at the same place, there was the so called “Bruderhaus” (Brother house) that was build in the 19th century. This house however, was too small to host all the visitors and therefore had to be replaced by today’s building.

From this spot, in 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French king Louis XV of France watched the bombing of Freiburg carried out by this troops. A canon that almost hit him, is immured at the Lorettokapelle. A little North-East of it, at the West end, there is a still recognizable former quarry, where stones used for the Freiburg Minster were taken from in the Middle Ages. Further quarries and clay pits can be found at Lorettoberg. Some were already used in the Middle Ages. One remaining clay pit, for example, is the lower Schlierbergweiher. During a detonation in 1896, the hydrophilic layer the clay pit was damaged and it ran full of water, which is why the use of it was abandoned.

The Eastside of the Lorettoberg is loosely built up with houses. “Gründerzeit”-villas, which were built between 1870 and 1914, can be found the most. On the Westside - sometimes called the “Schlierberg” - there is an area even less densely built-up that predominantly originates from the second half of the 20th century. Moreover, hillside vineyards belonging to the Staatlichen Weinbauinstitut Freiburg (Freiburg’s public institute for viticulture ) can be found there. Since recently, the headquarters of the Badischer Landwirtschaftlicher Hautpverband (Baden agricultural association) are in an unusual, multistory, wooden passive house, also called the Haus der Bauern (House of the farmers), that is located at the Merzhauser street, running along the foot of the mountain.

Several of the numerous villas at the Lorettoberg are houses of students' fraternities. The catholic Loretto hospital is on the Eastside, and on the foot of the mountain there are the Loretto Baths, a open-air swimming pools with a “women’s-bath” that is open only to women and children. The Loretto Baths are probably one of Germany’s last public swimming pools with a separate bath that can be used by women only. From there (at the corner Loretto-/Mercystrasse) the so-called Bergleweg, a footpath, leads up to the chapel. The Way of St.James and the “Zähringer”-trail run on it. Before the ascent, there is the Chalet Widmer on the right, a swiss-style prefabricated house of 1887, which, in that same year, was shown at the upper Rhine’s industrial exhibition and meanwhile is under monumental protection. Further South the “Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt – FVA” (silvicultural research institute) of Baden-Wuerttemberg and the “Waldhaus”, an education- and information center on the subjects of forest and sustainability are located.

At the foot on the southwest end, the Heliotrope designed by the architect Rolf Disch, who also designed the nearby solar-powered village in Freiburg’s district Vauban, can be found.

Miscellaneous
In the crime story Lorettoberg by Volkmar Braunbehrens two people are murdered in the neighborhood of the villas on the eastern slope of the Lorettoberg.

Translation 3 / Loretto chapel
Loretto chapel in Freiburg in Breisgau

The Loretto chapel located on the Lorettoberg in Freiburg im Breisgau, is one of many replicas of the Casa santathat is located in the Basilica della Santa Casa,which can be found in Loreto, the Italian pilgrimage destination. The chapel and the building were registered in a book listing regional memorials by Freiburg’s regional council. The Stations of the Cross, located west of the chapel and the Hildatower, which is close to these, also belong to this ensemble. The Hildatower was built in 1886 and is named after the Grand Duchess of Baden, Princess Hilda of Nassau.

Features

Freiburg’s Lorettochapel consists of three small chapels that are consolidated under the same ceiling. The actual Lorettochapel, which is consecrated to Maria, is located in the center. The Josephschapel was attached on the Westside later on. The Annen-and Joachimschapel, which is not open to the public but can still be seen from the chapel in the center, is adjoining on the Eastside. The styles of the chapels range from the Gothic to Renaissance and the Baroque. The bell from 1882, with a weight of 63 kilogram (about 139 pounds), stems from Freiburg’s bell foundry Koch and is tuned in G sharp.

History

The reasons for the construction of the chapel were the heavy fights during the Battle of Freiburg between the Bavarian imperial armada lead by Franz von Mercy, and a French army lead by the Duke of Enghien, towards the end of the Thirty Years’ War. The most intense conflicts, leading to high losses on both sides and unstable fortunes of war, were taking place on August 5th 1644 on the hills of the Schlierberg.

The citizens of Freiburg vowed that, in case of victory, they will build a Laurentian house ("Lauretanisches Haißlein") for the Blessed Virgin, according to the sample of the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, on the same spot where the Josephschapel, which was destroyed during the battles, was located. Indeed, the French withdrew at night toward Breisach, after they lost 6000 men in the battles.

Only in 1657, Christoph Mang, who was guild master of the merchants, and his son Franz Xaver donated the chapel. Following their example, baron Heinrich von Garnier was the one donating the St.-Anna-chapel in 1660. At the will of the donators, the chapel belonged to the parish of Freiburg's minster and the Guardian of the Capuchin monastery took care of pastoring.

In the following years, the number of people who went on a pilgrimage to the Lorettochapel increased so heavily that in 1785, Freiburg’s aldermen prohibited religious worships in the chapel on Sundays and holidays in order to make believers visit religious masses in their local parishes.

In 1744, during the War of Austrian Succession, another conflict between Austria and France evolved. King Louis XV of France decided to watch the Freiburg’s bombardment from the place in front of the chapel. Despite an agreement between the belligerent parties to not bomb the hill of field commander Louis XV, who in return promised to spare Freiburg's minster from cannonade, yet a canon ball stroke the chapel, however, failing to hit the king. Today, the canon ball can still be seen above the chapel's door.

Even though in 1788 all neighbouring chapels were abolished because of an ordinance made by Joseph II the Holy Roman Emperor, the Loretto chapel, as well as the St.Odile, survived/remained as a consequence of protests from Freiburg’s citizens.

By the end of the 18th century, maintenance work was done to adjust the inside of the chapel to contemporary style. However, these works veneered/daubed the existing paintings, which were made according to the original Loreto-cupper engravings by Johann Caspar Brenzinger (1651-1737). Additionally, the mainenance works were cause for the destruction of many other little artifacts. In 1902, the painter Josef Schultis restored the mural paintings.

The “Bruderhaus” located next to the chapels, already was a destination for tourists during the time when the first maintenance works were done, and over time it developed more and more to be a beer garden and restaurant to visit during a trip. From 1903 until 1905, the restaurant still existing today was built on the fundaments of the “Bruderhaus” and follows the style guidelines of the German renaissance and the art nouveau. It is connected to the chapel via an elevated roofed walkway. Today this restaurant is called the Schloß-Café and is owned by an ecclesiastical charity institution of Breisgau’s catholic religious fund.

Stations of the cross

The 14 sculptures that constitute the stations of the cross at the chapel, were constructed by Freiburg’s sculptor Wilhelm Walliser and were also registered in Freiburg’s book of regional memorials.



Kommunales Kino Freiburg
The Kommunales Kino Freiburg is a non-commercial municipal cinema in Freiburg im Breisgau. It was founded in 1972.

History

Freiburg’s Young Socialists in the SPD, a group for social commitment, launched the initiative to establish a municipal cinema in Freiburg.

Eventually, on November 23rd in 1972, the Committee of the Municipal Cinema was founded in the restaurant Feierling in Freiburg. The first film screening was held on January 8th 1973 in rooms of the vocational school located at the Friedrichsring.

In 1981, the Kommunales Kino Freiburg moved into an old train station of the Höllentalbahn in the Wiehre district, together with the Free Artist Group Freiburg. Besides offices and the actual cinema hall, a gallery is also located in the building. In 1981, the café in the old Wiehre trainstation was founded. After the disbanding of the Free Artist Group Freiburg, the Literature Forum in the Southwest moved into the old Wiehre train station in 2003. Since then, this train station is called "house for film and literature". Occasionally, the municipal cinema publishes an film periodical, the “Journal Film”.

Program

Showing other films in other ways – this motto describes the program of Freiburg’s municipal cinema well. Besides classic movies and contemporary films, lots of cooperation with other associations and establishments takes place there as well. In addition to the film program, lectures and introductions on film history and film analysis are given. / In addition to the film program, film historical and film analytical lectures and introductions are given. Experimental avant-garde films, silent movies with live backing, children’s movies, and films of the Cinema of France are shown on a regular basis. Special emphasis is put on the “Wednesday cinema” that presents ethnographic movies alongside films from Asia, Latin-America and Africa and/or with migration background (on Wednesdays).

The Kommunales Kino Freiburg is a venue for the CineLatino (a Latin-American film festival) and for the Brazil Plural festival. Since 1985, it additionally hosts a prestigious ethnographic film festival together with Freiburg’s film forum every other year.

For its program the cinema was awarded the “Kinopreis des Kinematheksverbunds”, a German cinema prize, 6 times already. Most recently it was awarded in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010.




 * Weblink: https://www.koki-freiburg.de/archiv/geschichte.html?kname=geschichte.html

Work Record
Week 1 (21.10.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy/ Research" - 281 words - 60 min

2. arrange user page, addition of links, references - 20 min

3. proofreading - 30 min

4. problems - "ihrerzeit", "seemännisch", " [...] der erste Bogen mit Einträgen bis zum Stichwort allverein [...] "

Week 2 (28.10.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy/ Early evidence in German original texts" - 376 words - 90 min

2. addition of links, references, picture etc - 5 min

3. proofreading - 15 min

3. problems - "Von 1844 datiert der Schwank Politik an einer Wirthstafel von Friedrich Giehne, bei der die Bedienung eines Wirtshauses mit „Kellner! Ahoi!!“ gerufen wurde." , "Erstaunlich ist der „Landgang“ der Interjektion."

Week 3 (04.11.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy / Early evidence in German original texts and German, usage - 372 words - 50 min

2. addition of links, references, pictures - 10 min

3. proofreading - 20 min

4. problems - „Maritimes“, der gebundene Seemann, [...] war der Ruf 1859 üblich, übermütig, liefen auf eine Höhe, Segel lichten, [...] küßte einen auf die Nase, old word: Wirthstafel

Week 4 (11.11.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy / USA: Bell's ahoy - beginning" - 334 words - 40 min

2. arrangement of page, addition of links, references, pictures - 10 min

3. proofreading - 20 min

4. problems - "Telefonverkehr", "[...] konkurrierten die beiden Erfinder Alexander Graham Bell und Thomas Alva Edison nicht nur um die Technik der Telefonie, sondern auch um das Wort, mit dem ein Telefonat eröffnet werden sollte." , heiser werden/..dass er heiser wurde, ...

Week 5 (18.11.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy / USA: Bell's ahoy and Reception/Adaption" - 60 min

2. addition of links, references - 15 min

3. proofreading - 15 min

4. problems - "üblich gewordenen", "Rezeption" passende Übersetzung , "Telefonvermittlung", "[…] als er mit Watson vor Publikum ein Ferngespräch über 143 Meilen Telegrafendraht der Eastern Railroad nach North Conway in New Hampshire mit den Worten eröffnete [...]" > Schachtelsätze, ...

Week 6 (25.11.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy / USA: finished Rezeption and started Unterlegenes ahoy " - 50 min

2. addition of links, references, picture - 20 min

3. proofreading - 15 min

4. problems - Land-und Telefonratten, "... als Formel zu wenig auf Konversation ausgerichtet", ...

Week 7 (02.12.15)

1. translation of "Ahoy / finished Unterlegenes ahoy" and started translation of "Lorettoberg" - 55 min

2. addition of links, references, arrangements - 25 min

3. proofreading - 10 min

4. problems - "Vermittlungsschränke", "[...] zur Begrüßung", "[...] Hauptrand-Verwerfung des Oberrheingrabens", etc.

Week 8 (09.12.15)

1. translation of "Lorettoberg" / Bauwerke - 65 min

2. addition of links, references - 10 min

3. proofreading - 10 min

4. problems - "...in Freiburg einzog", "Luftbewachung und –beobachtung", ...

Week 9 (16.12.15)

1. translation of "Lorettoberg" / Bauwerke, Sonstiges - 60 min

2. addition of links, references - 15 min

3. proofreading - 10 min

4. problems - “zu den Themen […]”, "Auf der Westseite, der teilweise Schlierberg genannt wird" --> wrong grammar, "Ferner sind dort Rebhänge zu finden, die zum Staatlichen Weinbauinstitut Freiburg gehören, neuerdings in seiner Nachbarschaft an der an seinem Fuße verlaufenden Merzhauser Straße in einem ungewöhnlichen, mehrstöckigen Passivhaus aus Holz auch das Haus der Bauern, die Hauptgeschäftsstelle des Badischen Landwirtschaftlichen Hauptverbandes (BLHV)." --> makes no sense

Week 10 (13.01.16)

1. translation of "Lorettokapelle" - 55 min

2. addition of links, references - 10 min

3. proofreading - 30 min

4. problems - Denkmalbuch, “[…] der westlich gelegene Kreuzweg”, appropriate word for “Ausstattung”, Reichsarmada, Tatsächlich zogen sich die Franzosen nach dem Verlust von 6000 Mann in der Nacht gegen Breisach zurück > since “gegen” is an ambigous term , [...] und schwankendem Kriegsglück [...]“

Week 11 (20.01.16)

1. translation of "Lorettokapelle" - 50 min

2. addition of links, references - 10 min

3. proofreading - 25 min

4. problems - „Gottesdienst“, Trotz einer Absprache der kriegsführenden Parteien, den Feldherrnhügel Louis' XV. nicht zu beschießen [...], "übertünchten", a lot of nominalization in the German text

Week 12 (27.01.16)

1. translation of "Lorettokapelle" - 45 min

2. addition of links, references, picture - 10 min

3. proofreading - 15 min

4. problems - “Bruderhaus”, "[...] sich im Laufe der Zeit immer mehr zu einer Gartenwirtschaft und Ausflugsgaststätte entwickelte."

Week (03.02.16)

1. translation of "Kommunales Kino Freiburg" - 70 min

2. addition of links, weblink, picture - 5 min

3. proofreading - 20 min

4. problems - Arbeitskreis, „Die Initiative [...] ging vom [...] aus.“ Eigennamen wie „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kommunales Kino“, Freien Künstlergruppe Freiburg,  Livebegleitung, correct use of commas