User:Vngelrojas/TuSimple

= TuSimple = TuSimple Holdings, Inc. is an American autonomous trucking company based in San Diego, California, with offices in Arizona, Texas, and China. It was founded in 2015 by Dr.Xiaodi Hou and Mo Chen. Cheng Lu is the current CEO. Initial financial backers include Volkswagen, United Parcel Services, and U.S. Xpress Enterprises. The company was the first autonomous trucking company to go public on the NASDAQ composite index in April 2021. Throughout 2022, TuSimple faced a series of challenges including leadership changes, partnership terminations, financial concerns, and an accident caused by one of its autonomous trucks. TuSimple and its leadership are also currently under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) on suspicions of illicit technology transfer.

History
TuSimple was founded in September 2015 by Mo Chen and Dr Xiaodi Hou, who graduated from the California Institute of Technology. The company initially operated in two facilities: one in Beijing, China and one in San Diego, California.

Partnerships
In May 2019, the United States Postal Service utilized TuSimple trucks in its first autonomous mail delivery between distribution centers in Arizona and Texas. The test consisted of five runs with a distance of 1000 miles and marked the first appearance of the company in Texas.

In August 2019, UPS announced its purchase of a minority share in TuSimple and that it has been performing tests on a 100 mile stretch of highway in Arizona.

In early 2020, TuSimple announced a partnership with automotive supplier ZF to assist in the mass production and commercialization of autonomous vehicles. As part of the deal, ZF aided in the development of sensors for autonomous vehicles systems TuSimple’s Chief Product Officer Chuck Price stated that the partnership is “an important milestone to bringing their autonomous vehicles to market”.

In July 2020, TuSimple and the freight truck manufacturer Navistar International Corp. formed a partnership, intending to integrate autonomous systems into their freighters. Sale of these fully self-driving trucks was targeted for 2025, but the partnership was mutually dissolved in December 2022.

In September 2020, TuSimple announced that it reached an agreement with Traton Group, a commercial truck manufacturer based in Germany, to jointly develop trucks with autonomous technology. Traton Group aimed to begin testing heavy duty autonomous vehicles in Germany and Sweden, but they did not provide a timeline for this goal.

Research
In late 2019, a study was conducted by the University of California San Diego on the fuel consumption of TuSimple autonomous vehicles. According to the study, TuSimple trucks showed a reduction in fuel consumption of 10% to 20%, with larger reductions occurring in areas with higher amounts of traffic.

Road Testing
In early 2022, the company announced that it had been running trucks without human drivers on over 550 miles of public roads between Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona. This practice distinguishes the company from its competitors, which operate trucks with human safety drivers to take over when necessary. The company stated that it is the first company to "operate fully driverless heavy-duty trucks."

The company also announced that it planned to expand autonomous freight services to Texas by the end of 2023.

Financial Health
In April 2021, the company raised over US$1 billion in an initial public offering, leading to a valuation of almost $8.5 billion.

In the first half of 2022, TuSimple reported $220.5 million in losses and $4.9 million in revenue.

In December 2022, TuSimple shifted its focus away from production of autonomous trucks and road-testing its self-driving systems, which previously constituted the majority of its Arizona operations. As a result, TuSimple dismissed around a quarter of its workforce, amounting to at least 350 employees. TuSimple representatives estimated that the downsizing would cost them between $10 and $11 million dollars.

TuSimple’s stock also reported a 75% decrease from October 2022 and a 96% drop from their 2021 initial public offering price.

Technology
TuSimple uses a combination of LiDAR, radar, and HD cameras to detect vehicles and obstacles up to 1,000 meters away. Each truck consists of a computer that is connected to the TuSimple servers. Each of these servers, which are used to identify cars on the road and their speeds, contains as many as 100 A.I. models. The models receive data from the cameras’ LiDAR and radar equipment and use it to build a live 3D model of the road.

Accidents
On May 26, 2022, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration launched an investigation of an April 6, 2022 accident in which one of the company's autonomous trucks crashed into a concrete barrier while on Interstate 10 near Tucson. Company officials blamed the accident on "human error," but former employees and experts in the field of autonomous vehicles suggest that there were issues with the company's technology. The investigation was closed in March of 2023 and did not result in penalties.

Illicit Technology Transfer
In October 2022, the company's CEO, Chief Technology Officer, and co-founder, Xiaodi Hou, was fired by the company's board, which cited a "loss in trust and confidence" in Hou's judgment in connection with an alleged sharing of confidential data, blueprints, and employee information with a Chinese company, Hydron Inc. Hydron Inc., is a hydrogen truck startup founded by Mo Chen, who co-founded TuSimple with Xiaodi Hou. Hou responded to his ouster by stating that he would be "vindicated."

The FBI, the SEC, and CFIUS are investigating TuSimple on suspicions of illicit technology transfer to Hydron in China. CFIUS recommended that the United States Department of Justice bring criminal charges of economic espionage against the management of TuSimple.

Leadership Changes
Cheng Lu previously served as TuSimple’s CEO from September 2020 to March 2022 before he was ousted by Xiaodi Hou. The majority of Lu’s management team resigned from the company following his departure.

After Xiaodi Hou’s termination, TuSimple's Chief Operations Officer, Ersin Yumer, was named interim CEO.

In November 2022, in response to Hou’s firing, co-founders Chen and Hou fired TuSimple’s board of directors and reappointed Cheng Lu as CEO.

In March 2023, Hou resigned from TuSimple’s board of directors, stating a disagreement with his planned compensation and the company’s shift in focus from level 4 to level 2 autonomy. This claim was disputed by Cheng Lu, who affirmed that TuSimple is still working toward level 4 autonomy and accused Hou of poaching employees.