User:VoidWalkerPro

About Me
This is me, VoidWalkerPro here in this marvelous page all about me.

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Link NO SPAMMING P.S. I love Wikipedia because it is awesome!!! Below is an awesome Game wikipedia link... gamepedia.com

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Minecraft
I looooooove minecraft. It is like the best game in the world.

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Schwarzschild black hole Simulation of gravitational lensing by a black hole, which distorts the image of a galaxy in the background (larger animation) The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was first put forward by John Michell in a letter written to Henry Cavendish in 1783 of the Royal Society:

If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun were to exceed that of the Sun in the proportion of 500 to 1, a body falling

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Random Stuff
Wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in 851, writing: "...they [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper".[12]

During the Tang Dynasty (618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea.[10] During the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape.[10] During the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279) not only did the government produce the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see Jiaozi and Huizi), but paper money bestowed as gifts to deserving government officials were wrapped in special paper envelopes.[12]

Diffusion of paper[edit] After its origin in central China, the production and use of paper spread steadily. It is clear that paper was used at Dunhuang by AD 150, in Loulan in the modern-day province of Xinjiang by 200, and in Turpan by 399. Paper was concurrently introduced in Japan sometime between the years 280 and 610.[13]

Islamic world[edit] After the defeat of the Chinese in the Battle of Talas in 751 (present day Kyrgyzstan), the invention spread to the Middle East.[14]

The legend goes,[15] the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. There are records of paper being made at Gilgit in Pakistan by the sixth century, in Samarkand in modern day Uzbekistan by 751, in Baghdad by 793, in Egypt by 900, and in Fes, Morocco around 1100[16]

The laborious process of paper making was refined and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing of paper. Production began in Baghdad, where a method was invented to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry.[17] The use of water-powered pulp mills for preparing the pulp material used in papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century,[18] though this should not be confused with paper mills (see Paper mills section below). The Muslims also introduced the use of trip hammers (human- or animal-powered) in the production of paper, replacing the traditional Chinese mortar and pestle method. In turn, the trip hammer method was later employed by the Chinese.[19]

By the 9th century, Arabs were using paper regularly, although for important works like copies of the revered Qur'an, vellum was still preferred.[20] Advances in book production and bookbinding were introduced.[21][unreliable source] The Arabs made books lighter—sewn with silk and bound with leather-covered paste boards; they had a flap that wrapped the book up when not in use. As paper was less reactive to humidity, the heavy boards were not needed. By the 12th century in Marrakech in Morocco a street was named "Kutubiyyin" or book sellers which contained more than 100 bookshops.[22]

The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a Persian traveler visiting markets in Cairo noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.[23]

Since the First Crusade in 1096, paper manufacturing in Damascus had been interrupted by wars, splitting production into two centres. Egypt continued with the thicker paper, while Iran became the center of the thinner papers. Papermaking was diffused across the Islamic world, from where it was diffused further west into Europe.[24] Paper manufacture was introduced to India in the 13th century by Arab merchants, where it almost wholly replaced traditional writing materials.[20]

America[edit] In America, archaeological evidence indicates that a similar bark-paper writing material was used by the Mayans no later than the 5th century AD.[25] Called amatl, it was in widespread use among Mesoamerican cultures until the Spanish conquest. The paper is created by boiling and pounding the inner bark of trees, until the material becomes suitable for art and writing.

These materials made from pounded reeds and bark are technically not true paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants and cellulose.

Paper making as is more common to the European practice spread to the American continent first in Mexico by 1575 and then in Philadelphia by 1690.[16]

Europe[edit]

A copy of the Gutenberg Bible, in the U.S. Library of Congress The oldest known paper document in the West is the Mozarab Missal of Silos from the 11th century, probably using paper made in the Islamic part of the Iberian Peninsula. They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fiber. The first recorded paper mill in the Iberian Peninsula was in Xàtiva in 1151.[26]

Papermaking reached Europe as early as 1085 in Toledo and was firmly established in Xátiva, Spain by 1150. It is clear that France had a paper mill by 1190, and by 1276 mills were established in Fabriano, Italy and in Treviso and other northern Italian towns by 1340. Papermaking then spread further northwards, with evidence of paper being made in Troyes, France by 1348, in Holland sometime around 1340–1350, in Mainz, Germany in 1320, and in Nuremberg by 1390 in a mill set up by Ulman Stromer.[26] This was just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. There was a paper mill in Switzerland by 1432 and the first mill in England was set up by John Tate in 1490 near Stevenage in Hertfordshire,[27] but the first commercially successful paper mill in Britain did not occur before 1588 when John Spilman set up a mill near Dartford in Kent.[28] During this time, paper making spread to Poland by 1491, to Austria by 1498, to Russia by 1576, to the Netherlands by 1586, to Denmark by 1596, and to Sweden by 1612.[16]

Paper mills[edit] Main article: Paper mill

The Nuremberg paper mill, the building complex at the lower right corner, in 1493. Due to their noise and smell, paper mills were required by medieval law to be erected outside of the city perimeter. A paper mill is a water-powered mill that pounds the pulp by the use of trip-hammers. The mechanization of the pounding process was an important improvement in paper manufacture over the manual pounding with hand pestles.

While the use of human and animal powered mills were known to Chinese and Muslim papermakers, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive in both of them.[29][30][31][32] The general absence of the use of water-power in Muslim papermaking is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory".[33]

Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill.[34] While this is seen by Halevi nonetheless as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, he concedes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time;[35] Burns remains altogether sceptical given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere.[36]

The earliest certain evidence to a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon.[1] A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal "molendinum", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing centre of Xàtiva.[1] The crown innovation appears to be resented by the local Muslim paper makering community; the document guarantees the Muslim subjects the right to continue their way of traditional paper making by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill.[1] Paper making centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; paper making centers reached Germany a century later.[37]

The first paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle.[38] From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes.[39]

Fiber sources[edit] See also: wood pulp and deinking Before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton.[40] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774.[40] Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.[40]

19th century advances in papermaking[edit] Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines predated it, the Fourdrinier paper making machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Nicholas Louis Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. At the time he was working for Leger Didot with whom he quarrelled over the ownership of the invention. Didot sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, to meet Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. Gamble was granted British patent 2487 on 20 October 1801. With the help particularly of Bryan Donkin, a skilled and ingenious mechanic, an improved version of the Robert original was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in 1803, followed by another in 1804. A third machine was installed at the Fourdriniers' own mill at Two Waters. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there and the process and machines continued to develop.

However, experiments with wood showed no real results in the late 18th-century and at the start of the 19th-century. By 1800, Matthias Koops (in London, England) further investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and in 1801 he wrote and published a book titled Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper.[41] His book was printed on paper made from wood shavings (and adhered together). No pages were fabricated using the pulping method (from either rags or wood). He received financial support from the royal family to make his printing machines and acquire the materials and infrastructure need to start his printing business. But his enterprise was short lived. Only a few years following his first and only printed book (the one he wrote and printed), he went bankrupt. The book was very well done (strong and had a fine appearance), but it was very costly.[42][43][44]

Then in the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two different continents took up the challenge, but from a totally new perspective. Both Charles Fenerty and Friedrich Gottlob Keller began experiments with wood but using the same technique used in paper making; instead of pulping rags, they thought about pulping wood. And at about the same time, by mid-1844, they announced their findings. They invented a machine which extracted the fibres from wood (exactly as with rags) and made paper from it. Charles Fenerty also bleached the pulp so that the paper was white. This started a new era for paper making. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood in lieu of rags to make paper.[45]

Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job.

The original wood-based paper was acidic due to the use of alum and more prone to disintegrate over time, through processes known as slow fires. Documents written on more expensive rag paper were more stable. Mass-market paperback books still use these cheaper mechanical papers (see below), but book publishers can now use acid-free paper for hardback and trade paperback books.

See also[edit] History of origami Paperless office References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Burns 1996, pp. 417f. Jump up ^ Peter F. Tschudin: Werkzeug und Handwerkstechnik in der mittelalterlichen Papierherstellung. In: Lindgren, Uta: Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4. ed.., Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9, pp. 423−428 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997, pp. 41−44; Burns 1996, p. 419 Jump up ^ "Papyrus definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2008-11-20. Jump up ^ Tsien 1985, p. 38 Jump up ^ Papermaking. (2007). In: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Jump up ^ David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6 Jump up ^ "eNewsletter". World Archeological Congress. August 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-08. ^ Jump up to: a b Tsien 1985, p. 40 uses Wade-Giles transcription ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tsien 1985, p. 122 Jump up ^ Tsien 1985 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tsien 1985, p. 123 Jump up ^ DeVinne, Theo. L. The Invention of Printing. New York: Francis Hart & Co., 1876. p. 134 Jump up ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58) ISBN 0-471-29198-6 Jump up ^ Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", Bookbinder, 1989 (3): 29-36. ^ Jump up to: a b c Harrison, Frederick. A Book about Books. London: John Murray, 1943. p. 79. Mandl, George. "Paper Chase: A Millennium in the Production and Use of Paper". Myers, Robin & Michael Harris (eds). A Millennium of the Book: Production, Design & Illustration in Manuscript & Print, 900-1900. Winchester: St. Paul’s Bibliographies, 1994. p. 182. Mann, George. Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Paper Making. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 79. McMurtrie, Douglas C. The Book: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking. London: Oxford University Press, 1943. p. 63. Jump up ^ Mahdavi, Farid (2003), "Review: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World by Jonathan M. Bloom", Journal of Interdisciplinary History (MIT Press) 34 (1): 129–30, doi:10.1162/002219503322645899 Jump up ^ Lucas, Adam (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, Brill Publishers, pp. 65 & 84, ISBN 90-04-14649-0 Jump up ^ Dard Hunter (1978), Papermaking: the history and technique of an ancient craft, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-23619-6 ^ Jump up to: a b Fischer, Steven R. (2004), A History of Writing, London: Reaktion Books, p. 264, ISBN 1-86189-101-6 Jump up ^ Al-Hassani, Woodcock and Saoud, "1001 Inventions, Muslim heritage in Our World", FSTC Publishing, 2006, reprinted 2007, pp. 218-219. Jump up ^ The famous Kutubiya mosque is named so because of its location in this street Jump up ^ Diana Twede (2005), "The Origins of Paper Based Packaging", Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings 12: 288–300 [289], retrieved 2010-03-20 Jump up ^ Mahdavi, Farid (2003), "Review: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World by Jonathan M. Bloom", Journal of Interdisciplinary History (MIT Press) 34 (1): 129–30, doi:10.1162/002219503322645899 Jump up ^ The Construction of the Codex In Classic- and post classic-Period Maya Civilization Maya Codex and Paper Making ^ Jump up to: a b Fuller, Neathery Batsell (2002). "A Brief history of paper". Retrieved 2011-01-24. Jump up ^ Historie ručního papíru Jump up ^ "Dartford, cradle of Britain's papermaking industry". Retrieved 2011-01-24. Jump up ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 1985, pp. 68−73 Jump up ^ Lucas 2005, p. 28, fn. 70 Jump up ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414f.: It has also become universal to talk of paper "mills" (even of 400 such mills at Fez!), relating these to the hydraulic wonders of Islamic society in east and west. All our evidence points to non-hydraulic hand production, however, at springs away from rivers which it could pollute. Jump up ^ Thompson 1978, p. 169: European papermaking differed from its precursors in the mechanization of the process and in the application of water power. Jean Gimpel, in The Medieval Machine (the English translation of La Revolution Industrielle du Moyen Age), points out that the Chinese and Arabs used only human and animal force. Gimpel goes on to say : "This is convincing evidence of how technologically minded the Europeans of that era were. Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, but no culture or civilization on its route had tried to mechanize its manufacture."' Jump up ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414f.: Indeed, Muslim authors in general call any "paper manufactory" a wiraqah - not a "mill" (tahun) Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), A history of engineering in classical and medieval times, Routledge, pp. 169–71, ISBN 0-415-15291-7 Jump up ^ Leor Halevi (2008), "Christian Impurity versus Economic Necessity: A Fifteenth-Century Fatwa on European Paper", Speculum (Cambridge University Press) 83: 917–945 [917–8], doi:10.1017/S0038713400017073 Jump up ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414−417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996, p. 417 Jump up ^ Stromer 1960 Jump up ^ Stromer 1993, p. 1 ^ Jump up to: a b c Göttsching, Lothar; Pakarinen, Heikki (2000), "1", Recycled Fiber and Deinking, Papermaking Science and Technology 7, Finland: Fapet Oy, pp. 12–14, ISBN 952-5216-07-1 Jump up ^ Koops, Matthias. Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper. London: Printed by T. Burton, 1800. Jump up ^ Carruthers, George. Paper in the Making. Toronto: The Garden City Press Co-Operative, 1947. Jump up ^ Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison. "Koops. Matthias." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: from the earliest times to the year 2000, Vol. 32. London: Oxford University Press, 2004: 80. Jump up ^ Burger, Peter. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8 pp.30-32 Jump up ^ Burger, Peter. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8 Sources[edit] Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800−1400", in Lindgren, Uta, Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9 Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2 Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1): 1–30, doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026 Stromer, Wolfgang von (1960), "Das Handelshaus der Stromer von Nürnberg und die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Papiermühle", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 47: 81–104 Stromer, Wolfgang von (1993), "Große Innovationen der Papierfabrikation in Spätmittelalter und Frühneuzeit", Technikgeschichte 60 (1): 1–6 Thompson, Susan (1978), "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 314: 167–176, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press Bloom, Jonathan (2001). Paper before print: the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world. Yale University Press. External links[edit] Egyptian papyrus [hide] v t e Paper History Materials Wood pulp Fiber crop Papyrus Paper chemicals Types Asphalt Blotting Bond Building Construction Copy Cotton Crêpe Display Glassine India Kraft Laid Manila Newsprint Oatmeal Onionskin Origami Rag Rice Security Seed Tar Thermal Tissue Tracing Transfer Tree-free Wallpaper Waterproof Wax Wood-free Wove Specifications Size Density Units of paper quantity Production Papermaking Paper engineering Paper mill Paper machine Calender Sulfite process Kraft process Soda pulping Paper recycling Industry List of paper mills In Europe In Canada In Japan In the United States Issues Bleaching of wood pulp Environmental impact of paper Paper pollution Folder Hexagonal Icon.svg Category Commons Categories: PaperIndustrial historyHistory of technologyForest history Navigation menu VoidWalkerPro0TalkSandboxPreferencesBetaWatchlistContributionsLog outArticleTalkReadEditView historyWatch

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages العربية فارسی Norsk bokmål Svenska Edit links This page was last modified on 9 April 2014 at 16:38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Me From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Look up ME or me in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Me is the object form of I (pronoun).

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Contents [hide] 1 In arts and entertainment 1.1 Music 1.2 Other 2 Medicine 3 Science and technology 3.1 Internet and computing 3.2 Engineering 3.3 Physics, chemistry and biology 4 Places 5 Transport 6 Other uses 7 See also In arts and entertainment Music ME (band), Australian rock band "Me" (Tamia song), 2007 "Me" (Paula Cole song), 1998 Me (Buck Brothers album), 2007 Me (Fiona Sit album), 2005 Me (Super Junior-M album), 2008 Me (Misono album), 2010 Me (Sandie Shaw album) Me (Ray Stevens album), 1983 "M.E.", a song by Gary Numan on the album The Pleasure Principle "Me", a song by Axium on the album Matter of Time "Me", a song by Dev on the album The Night the Sun Came Up Me, alternative spelling for the note mi (third scale degree) in solfege Other Me TV (disambiguation), various television brandings Lyn Me, a Star Wars character Mass Effect, a video game developed by BioWare Mirror's Edge, a 2008 video game developed by EA Digital Illusions CE Mix/Effects, a section of a vision mixer Medicine Medical examiner, a forensic occupation Myalgic encephalomyelitis/myalgic encephalopathy, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome Science and technology Internet and computing .me, the top-level Internet domain for Montenegro Windows Me, a computer operating system MobileMe (also known as me.com), was a subscription-based collection of online services and software offered by Apple Inc. Me or this, a keyword in some programming languages, usually designating the object that a program's source code specifically pertains to Engineering Master electrician Master of Engineering, an academic or professional degree Materials engineering Mechanical engineering Physics, chemistry and biology Malic enzyme Methyl group, a hydrocarbon group of atoms me, an abbreviation for electron mass Places Maine, one of the United States, U.S. postal abbreviation and ISO 3166-2 code ME postcode area, a United Kingdom group of postal districts around Medway in Kent, (South East) England Montenegro, a European country, ME in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code Transport Messerschmitt, a German aircraft manufacturer Middle East Airlines, ME in IATA code Morristown & Erie Railway, a railroad with the reporting mark ME Other uses ME or M.E., Minor Era in Southeast Asia Me (kana), a letter in Japanese script Me (mythology), a Sumerian cultural belief Methodist Episcopal Church Middle English, a historic phase of the English language Middle-earth, Tolkien's mythical setting Me: Stories of My Life, a book by Katharine Hepburn Maritime Enforcement Specialist, a U.S. Coast Guard rating See also Self (disambiguation) Mi (disambiguation) Mii (disambiguation) Disambiguation icon	This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Categories: Disambiguation pages Navigation menu VoidWalkerPro0TalkSandboxPreferencesBetaWatchlistContributionsLog outArticleTalkReadView sourceView historyWatch

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 31 March 2014 at 20:10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.