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= Dieter Oesterhelt = Dieter Oesterhelt (10 November 1940 in Munich) is a German biochemist.

Career
Oesterhelt studied chemistry at the University of Munich from 1959 until 1963. He then completed his dissertation at the Insitute of Biochemistry at the University of Munich under the supervision of Feodor Lynen.

In 1969 he started his work on the structure, function and biosynthesis of Halobacterium salinarum. During a residence for research at the University of California, San Francisco, in 1969/70, Walther Stoeckenius instructed him in electron microscopy which allowed Oesterhelt to discover bacteriorhodopsin.

After qualifying as a university lecturer in 1973, he headed a junior research group at ther Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratory in Tübingen befor he was granted a professorship at the University of Würzburg in 1975.

From 1980 until 2008, he worked as a director at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry where he heads a research group as professor emeritus until now.

Discovery of bacteriorhodopsin
Oesterhelt discovered a rhodopsin-like protein in the cell membrane of Halobacterium salinarum in 1970. He was able to prove that bacteriorhodopsin contains the chromophore retinal and that its physiological function is to generate a proton gradient by pumping protons out of the cell when exposed to light. This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. For the first time, a type of photosynthesis was found in a life form that was not a plant.

Later on, researchers of his department at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry conducted research on the structure-function relationships of membrane proteins such as halorhodopsin. Oesterhelt´s doctoral candidate Peter Hegemann discovered channelrhodopsin. These proteins opened up the field of optogenetics where

The field of optogenetics has furthered the fundamental scientific understanding of how specific cell types contribute to the function of biological tissues such as neural circuits in vivo. Moreover, on the clinical side, optogenetics-driven research has led to insights into Parkinson's disease and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Indeed, optogenetics papers in 2009 have also provided insight into neural codes relevant to autism, Schizophrenia, drug abuse, anxiety, and depression. Optogenetics has also been used in an experimental treatment for blindness by which a protein produced due to gene editing is stimulated with light by engineered goggles.

Awards

 * 1983: Liebig Medal
 * 1990: Karl Heinz Beckurts-Preis
 * 1991: Otto Warburg Medal
 * 1993: Gregor Mendel Medal
 * 1998: Alfried Krupp Science Award
 * 2000: Werner von Siemens Ring
 * 2002: Paul Karrer Gold Medal
 * 2004: Federal Cross of Merit
 * 2011: Science Award of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft
 * 2016: Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art

Literature

 * Christina Beck: Single-Celled Organisms Shed Light on Neurobiology, in: MaxPlanckResearch 4/2014, Seite 18–25 online, PDF.
 * Mathias Grote, Martin Engelhard und Peter Hegemann: Of ion pumps, sensors and channels—perspectives on microbial rhodopsins between science and history. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics 1837.5 (2014): 533–545.
 * Mathias Grote: Membranes to Molecular Machines. Active Matter and the Remaking of Life. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2019.

Weblinks
Oesterhelts research group at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry