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= Eusebio Valli =

Eusebio Giacinto Valli (Casciana Alta, Casciana Terme Lari, Pisa, December 13, 1755 – Havana, September 24, 1816) was an enlighten, eclectic and versatile Italian physician and scientist.

Biography
He was born in Casciana Alta, current district of the municipality of Casciana Terme Lari, Pisa, from an important Tuscan family originally from Ponsacco. His father was a distinguished physician named Giuseppe Valli and his mother was an upper-class noblewoman named Anna Maria Jacoponi.

When he was five years old he was taken by is family to Monterchi, where his father worked as a local doctor and where he was educated by a local teacher, Ignazio Chiaverini, who taught him Italian and Latin until the age of 16, in order to prepare him to academic studies. The economic situation of his family didn't allow him to apply to the University of Pisa, where Jacopo-Filippo, one of Eusebio's siblings, was already studying. For this reason, in 1771 his father found himself forced to send to Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany, a letter in which he asked him to admit his son freely to the  Collegio della Sapienza di Pisa  (which later became today's Scuola Normale di Pisa) :

In 1783 he graduated in Medicine and Philosophy at the Collegio della Sapienza and in the following years he was called to work as a surgeon in various places. He went to Mantova where he was elected " medico primario dello Spedal Civile " and professor of Clinical Medicine. In Turkey, Greece and Egypt he studied the epidemiology of plague, smallpox and of a "certain malignant putrid fever" (probably malaria). Valli subsequently travelled to Dalmatia as a military doctor with the Franco-Italian army. Eusebio followed in the footsteps of great masters such as Luigi Galvani from whom he learned the art of physiology, of which the latter was the spokesperson, and Alessandro Volta, whose influence led Valli to study phenomena like “animal electricity” or “bioelectricity”. Eusebio Valli is considered forerunner of vaccination, in fact through his numerous studies went to herald one of the medical techniques still used today, and the first vaccinator to operate in several countries in the world.

He died in Havana in September 1816 after injecting not enough attenuated germs into his own body. After his death numerous streets and squares have been dedicated to the great Eusebio Valli in Tuscany and two large marble plaques commemorate him respectively in his birthplace in Casciana Alta and in his paternal house in Ponsacco. His tomb, situated in the Cristóbal Colón Cementery, bears the epigraph: “ victima de su amor à la humanidad " ("a victim of his love for humanity").

Scientific activity
Eusebio Valli's passion for physics and chemistry, applied to human body, led him to conduct numerous studies and multiple discoveries. In 1781, he discovered the anti-fermentation action of the red precipitate in wine preparation.

During his stays in the Middle East and Asia Minor, Valli worked out a theory according to which the etiopathogenetic development of the plague required the so-called “principle of affinity”, that is to say, a sort of predisposition to the disease. “The forces that it deploys in the various subjects depend more on the constitution of each individual than on the character of the miasma”.

In his  Discorso sopra il sangue considerato in stato di sanità e di malattia  (Discourse on blood in the state of health and of disease), Valli claimed that alterations in haematological parameters were not due to the influence of humoral agents, but of solid agents. Great attention was paid to "animal electricity". Luigi Galvani, one of Eusebio's leading figures, published about some applications of various metals to frogs and this prompted a large number of other Italian scientists to share and discuss about these researches. Eusebio Valli was the first of these to divulge these discoveries and furthermore he wrote that his study had "prevented him from sleeping for many nights". Valli became a respected exponent in this field throughout Europe, he gave public lectures on Galvani's experiments and published articles on this topic in various Italian and foreign cities, including Lausanne, Paris, London... In 1793 he published a volume of 300 pages entitled  Esperimenti sull'elettricità animale  (Experiments on animal electricity), which at the time constituted one of the most most organic analysis of all the problems of galvanism. Valli subsequently returned to Turkey to experiment the inoculation of smallpox vaccine to protect against the plague. Indeed, over the years, he had developed the theory according to whom infection by smallpox excluded infection by the plague, and viceversa. Thus, he held, there were two “poisonous pura”, one produced by the plague and the other by smallpox, and contamination between the two would give rise to a “good pus”, which was potentially curative.

On 31 May 1792, Valli became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Turin. In 1799, in Livorno, Valli partly reproduced experiments conducted by the French abbot, mathematician and physician Robert Rimbaud Deidier (1670-1746). Since 1772, he had succeeded in immunizing several animals by inoculating saliva taken from a hydrophobic dog: one of the animals inoculated with the saliva, to which gastric juice from frogs had been added, contracted rabies. With this preparation, He succeeded in treating a certain Pisan lady named Rosermini and her maidservant, achieving a very good result. There, he treated an officer’s wife, who had been bitten by a rabid dog; she did not contract rabies.

Accompanied by Dr. Antonio Mendoza, in 1816 he visited San Juan de Dios' Hospital, where he studied the epidemiology of yellow fever.

Most of Valli's discoveries were eclipsed for many years, until Edward Jenner carried out his studies on vaccination. At that point Casciana Alta's inhabitants put across how their countryman, Eusebio, mostly devoted his life to that field of studies, making in this way his fame grow exponentially.

Webliography

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