User:WAQAR MOHSIN ALM PESCO

"WAQAR MOHSIN ALM PESCO EDUCATORS"

=  PESCO EDUCATORS-WAPDA/DISCO's E&L Guide  = "A comprehensive Q&A based educational & learning guide for the consumers and employees of PESCO and WAPDA PAKISTAN."

Chapter 1: Basic concept of Electricity.
Q: What is electricity?

A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current.

Or Electricity is a form of electric energy. It is also known as 'Power' & 'Energy'.

Q: What are the contents of Electricity?

The contents of electricity are as follows:

i) Conductor (ii) Voltage  (iii) Current  (iv) Resistance  (v) Alternating Current  (vi) Direct Current  (vii) Frequency  (viii) Circuits  (ix) Current Cycle  (x) Insulator

Q: What are conductors?

In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electric current).

Or All the material which allows electric current to flow through them are called conductors.

Q: Present a few examples of conductors.

10 Electrical Conductors


 * Silver.
 * Gold.
 * Copper.
 * Aluminum.
 * Mercury.
 * Steel.
 * Iron.
 * Seawater.

Q: What are the basic states of Conductors?

The conductors are present in solid & Liquid states.

Q: What are the types of solid conductors?

There are two types of solid conductors.


 * Bare conductors.
 * Insulated conductors.

Q: What is meant by Bare Conductor?

A bare conductor is an electrically conductive material or wire which is not insulated.

Q: What is meant by Insulated Conductor?

“Insulated conductor" – a conductor covered with a dielectric material having a rated dielectric strength. Or

a conductor which is insulated.

Q: What are insulators?

A substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound. Or

A substance or device which does not readily conduct electricity.

Q: Present a few examples of insulators.


 * Rubber.
 * Glass.
 * Pure water.
 * Oil.
 * Air.
 * Diamond.
 * Dry wood.
 * Dry cotton.

Q: What are the basic states of insulators?

The insulators are mostly present in solid states.

Q: What are the types of Insulators?

4 Main Types of Insulator are:


 * Pin insulator.
 * Post insulator.
 * Suspension insulator.
 * Shackle insulator.

Q: What is an electric circuit?

An electric circuit is the path for transmitting electric current.

Q: What are the uses of electric circuits?

Electric Circuits are used in many of our daily use electric appliances ranges from toaster to refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher, electrical chimney, and many more.

Q: What is an electric current?

Electric current refers to the flow of electricity in an electronic circuit, and to the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A). The larger the value in amperes, the more electricity is flowing in the circuit.

Q: What is Current Cycle?

The flow of electric charge that periodically reverses. One complete process of flow & reversing is one cycle.

Q: what are the types of electric current?

There are two kinds of current electricity: direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). With direct current, electrons move in one direction. Batteries produce direct current. In alternating current, electrons flow in both directions.

Q: What is direct current?

An electric current flowing in one direction only is called direct current.

Q: What is alternating current?

An electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.

Q: What is electric frequency?

At its most basic, frequency is how often something repeats. In the case of electrical current, frequency is the number of times a sine wave repeats. Or

Alternating current that oscillates 50 times a second.

Q: What is electric voltage?

Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop.

Q: What is electric resistance?

Resistance to electricity–that is, electrical resistance–is a force that counteracts the flow of current. In this way, it serves as an indicator of how difficult it is for current to flow. Resistance values are expressed in ohms (Ω).

Q: What is the relationship between voltage current and resistance?

The relationship between current, voltage and resistance is expressed by Ohm's Law. This states that 'the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit', provided the temperature remains constant.

Resistance across head (R): 1000 Ω

Voltage applied (V): 200 V

Current (I = V/R): 0.2 A

It means they are all related to each other, if the value of one factor is changed the values of other factors are effected accordingly.

Q: What is the reason for low voltage in conductor?

A force is utilized during the resistance against the current in conductor causing low voltage. The low voltage occurs due to the controlling force of resistance and current flow.

Q: What is the reason of the heat in conductor?

In metal conductors, electrical current flows due to the exchange of electrons between atoms. "As electrons move through a metal conductor, some collide with atoms, other electrons or impurities". These collisions cause resistance and generate heat. Q: What is a magnet?

A piece of iron or other material which has its component atoms so ordered that the material exhibits properties of magnetism, such as attracting other iron-containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field.

Q: What is a magnet field? A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts.

Q: What is the concept of magnet field?

The magnetic field is the area around a magnet that has magnetic force. All magnets have north and south poles. Opposite poles are attracted to each other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction.

Q: How is current produced in a conductor?

Current is produced in a conductor "when it is moved through a magnetic field" because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move.

Q: What should be the shape of conductor when a current moves in it?

The conductor must be in a shape of circuit for the flow of current into it if not, the current can not move.

Q: How Do Generators Create Electricity?

Generators don't actually create electricity. Instead, they "convert mechanical or chemical energy into electrical energy". They do this by capturing the power of motion and turning it into electrical energy by forcing electrons from the external source through an electrical circuit.

Q: How many kinds of voltages can be produced by generators?

Three various kinds of voltages can be produced at the same time by generators.

Q: What is the frequency of PESCO?

The frequency of PESCO is 50 cycle per second. Q: What is a power station?

A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant is the generation station of electricity Or a station where electricity is produced.

Q: What are the types of power stations?

The major types generating electric power today are shown below.
 * Fossil fuel power plant.
 * Hydroelectric power plant.
 * Solar thermal power plant.
 * Nuclear power plant.
 * Geothermal power plant.
 * Wind power towers.

Q: What is a thermal power station?

A thermal power station is a type of power station in which heat energy is converted to electrical energy. Or

a power plant where electricity is produced from Oil, Coal, and Gas etc.

Q: What is a hydel power station?

A hydroelectric power station "consists of turbines that rely on a gravity flow of water from the dam to turn a turbine to generate electricity". The water can be either released to the river downstream of the dam or pumped back into the reservoir and reused.

Q: What is a generation system?

Generating System means "a system comprising one or more of the physical generators of electricity for production of electricity and all the related equipment capable of functioning as a single entity".

Q: What is a transmission system?

Electrical power transmission involves the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power station or power plant.

Q: What is a distribution system?

A distribution system "originates at a distribution substation and includes the lines, poles, transformers and other equipment needed to deliver electric power to the customer at the required voltages".

Q: What is a grid system?

The power grid delivers electricity from power plants to homes and businesses across the nation.

Q: What is the relationship between generation transmission and distribution system?

Generation means the conversion of a form of energy into electrical energy. Transmission implies the transport of this energy to very long distance with very high amount of voltage magnitude. Moreover, distribution is fulfilling the demand of the consumers at certified voltage level and it is done in terms of feeders.

Chapter 2: Electricity sector of Pakistan.
Q: What is meant by the 'Power Sector of Pakistan'?

Responsibilities of Technical Staff and their Professional Attitude
Category:Pesco Category:Wapda Category:Electricity authorities Category:Power distribution company of PAKISTAN