User:Wadlet/Skin-walker

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This article is about the figure of Native American legend. For other uses, see Skin-walker (disambiguation).

In Navajo culture, a skin-walker (Navajo: yee naaldlooshii) is a type of harmful witch who has the ability to turn into, possess, or disguise themselves as an animal. The term is never used for healers.

Contents

 * 1Background
 * 2Legend
 * 3Tricksters
 * 4See also
 * 5Notes

Background[edit]
Main article: Witchcraft § Navajo

In the Navajo language, yee naaldlooshii translates to "by means of it, it goes on all fours". While perhaps the most common variety seen in horror fiction by non-Navajo people, the yee naaldlooshii is one of several varieties of skin-walkers in Navajo culture; specifically, they are a type of  'ánti'įhnii.

Navajo witches, including skin-walkers, represent the antithesis of Navajo cultural values. While community healers and cultural workers are known as medicine men and women, or by other positive, nurturing terms in the local, indigenous language, witches are seen as evil, performing twisted ceremonies and manipulating magic in a perversion of the good works medicine people traditionally perform. In order to practice their good works, traditional healers learn about both good and evil magic. Most can handle the responsibility, but some people can become corrupt and choose to become witches.

The legend of the skin-walkers is not well understood outside of Navajo culture, both due to reluctance to discuss the subject with outsiders, as well as those from outside the culture lacking the lived experience Native commentators feel is needed to understand the lore. Traditional Navajo people are reluctant to reveal skin-walker lore to non-Navajos, or to discuss it at all among those they do not trust. Adrienne Keene, Cherokee Nation activist and founder of the blog Native Appropriations, has written in response to non-Navajos incorporating the legends into their writing (and specifically the impact when J. K. Rowling did so) that when this is done, "we as Native people are now opened up to a barrage of questions about these beliefs and traditions...but these are not things that need or should be discussed by outsiders. At all. I'm sorry if that seems 'unfair', but that's how our cultures survive."

Legend[edit]
Animals associated with witchcraft usually include tricksters such as the coyote; however, it may include other creatures, usually those associated with death or bad omens. They might also possess living animals or people and walk around in their bodies. Skin-walkers may be male or female, though are typically males.

Skin-walker stories told among Navajo children may be complete life and death struggles that end in either skin-walker or Navajo killing the other, or partial encounter stories that end in a stalemate. Encounter stories may be composed as Navajo victory stories, with the skin-walkers approaching a hogan and being scared away.

Non-Native interpretations of skin-walker stories typically take the form of partial encounter stories on the road, where the protagonist is temporarily vulnerable, but then escapes from the skin-walker in a way not traditionally seen in Navajo stories. Sometimes Navajo children take European folk stories and substitute skin-walkers for generic killers like The Hook.

Tricksters[edit]
Navajo culture places high value in order and tradition, and the skinwalker serves to represent chaos. The ability of a skinwalker to be both man and animal goes directly against the natural divide between man and animal. The rituals used by skinwalkers are preformed in reverse, as a mockery of the Navajo's traditional rituals. Skinwalkers are also said to often preform acts of necrophilia, something which is considered taboo in Navajo culture. The skinwalker's ability to transform into a coyote itself is another example of how the skinwalker defies Navajo society. In Navajo mythology, the coyote is considered a trickster, meaning it often breaks social norms without facing the usual consequences. Although a skinwalker can transform into a variety of different animals, they are most often represented as shapeshifting into coyotes.

See also[edit]

 * Deer Woman
 * Huaychivo
 * Madam Koi Koi
 * Nagual
 * Skinwalker Ranch
 * Therianthropy
 * Warlock
 * Werewolf
 * Odiyan

Notes[edit]

 * 1) ^ Jump up to:a b Wall, Leon and William Morgan, Navajo–English Dictionary. Hippocrene Books, New York, 1998. ISBN 0-7818-0247-4.
 * 2) ^ Jump up to:a b c Kluckhohn, C. (1944). Navaho Witchcraft. Boston: Beacon Press.
 * 3) ^ Hampton, Carol M. "Book Review: Some Kind of Power: Navajo Children's Skinwalker Narratives" in Western Historical Quarterly. 1 July 1986. Accessed 17 Nov. 2016.
 * 4) ^ Jump up to:a b Keene, Dr. Adrienne, "Magic in North America Part 1: Ugh." at Native Appropriations, 8 March 2016. Accessed 9 April 2016.
 * 5) ^ Carter, J. (2010, October 28). The Cowboy and the Skinwalker. Ruidoso News.
 * 6) ^ Teller, J. & Blackwater, N. (1999). The Navajo Skinwalker, Witchcraft, and Related Phenomena (1st Edition ed.). Chinle, AZ: Infinity Horn Publishing.
 * 7) ^ Jump up to:a b Brady, M. K. & Toelken, B. (1984). Some Kind of Power: Navajo Children's Skinwalker Narratives. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.
 * 8) ^ Jump up to:a b c
 * 9) ^
 * 10) ^ Jump up to:a b Brunvand, J. H. (2012). Native American Contemporary Legends. In J. H. Brunvand, Encyclopedia of Urban Legends (2nd Edition ed.). Santa Barbara, California, United States of America.
 * 11) ^ Watson, C. (1996, August 11). "Breakfast with Skinwalkers". Star Tribune.
 * 12) ^


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 * 2) ^
 * 3) ^ Cite error: The named reference   was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Categories:


 * Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America
 * Shapeshifting
 * Therianthropy
 * Supernatural legends
 * American witchcraft
 * Navajo mythology
 * Native American demons
 * Witchcraft in folklore and mythology