User:Wags1234/sandbox

This is my sandbox whoo! Wags1234 (talk) 07:09, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Area
Economy of Guatemala

Geography of Guatemala

Politics of Guatemala

Sector
Sustainable agriculture **changed from gardening

Sustainable gardening

Garden-based learning

Seed saving

Wags1234 (talk) 07:14, 1 February 2018 (UTC) Wags1234 (talk) 17:38, 1 February 2018 (UTC)

Economy of Guatemala
For this article, the bulk of my contribution will involve adding to the "Agriculture" section on this page. Currently it is only a few sentences long, so I am planning on doing research on the role that agriculture plays in the economy of Guatemala and using that information to develop this section. Additionally, I may begin taking information from the "Economia de Guatemala" page, which is much more developed than the English version, and add it to "Economy of Guatemala."

Sustainable gardening
For this article, I want to add a section that involves what sustainable gardening looks like in practice, since the rest of the article looks at the principles and theory behind sustainable gardening. I think it would be very beneficial to include this information about case studies because this article is very theoretical right now, and gardening is about the implementation of principles as well as just the principles themselves. Additionally, I could use this section to look at the strengths and limitations of sustainable gardening, depending on the sources that I am able to find. I think that the article as a whole would benefit from an updating of sources, since all of the sources and citations come from 2012 or earlier.

Wags1234 (talk) 22:26, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Economy of Guatemala
First of all, it seems that all of the sections in this article are relevant to the topic. However, the article isn't very well developed and seems to be missing some sections that I would think are vital to understanding a country's economy, and it could use some reorganization that would make the article more useful and valuable to a reader. The sections that it has currently include macroeconomic development, globalization and poverty, poor women and unpaid work, educated women and the workforce, child labor, maquilas, economic priorities, and agriculture. While all of these sections are very much relevant to the economy of Guatemala, I think the page could use some reorganization and expansion. I think it would be beneficial to have more expansive and broader topics such as the history, GDP, employment, income and wealth, health care, different economic sectors, international trade, financial situation, currency, law and government, and development. The topics that are currently in the article could be sorted into the broader topics, and additional information and subsections could be added within each one. For example, there are currently two different sections that related to women in the workforce, and I think that these could be turned into subsections under a broader topic.

There is a section of this article called "Agriculture" that is only a couple of sentences long, and therefore isn't very developed. I think that this section would be ideal for me to add on to because of its lack of development and also because it fits nicely with my practice experience. Although I will not specifically be involved with larger scale agriculture, my organization does work to develop the town of Chocola's economy through the development of agriculture. Therefore, it would be really useful and informative to learn more about agriculture's role in the economy of Guatemala as a whole so that I can go into my PE with more context about how agriculture impacts the economy. Additionally, this section of the article has a banner that says "This section needs expansion" which is another reason to add to it. Although I may not have the time to make a lot of drastic changes to this article like I had suggested in the previous paragraph, I think that developing this section will be very useful to the page.

After reading the article, I wasn't able to find a lot of language that indicated a bias opinion. It seemed to be very factual and straightforward, and largely seemed to draw from statistical information about GDP growth in different years. However, there were a couple instances that I took issue with, in which the editor put sentences such as "Gammage argues..." into the article. The source was cited, but the choice to include the author's name and the verb "argued" threw me off a little. I think it would have been better to just include the information that is in the cited article without the author's name and rely on the citation to give information about the author. Additionally, using the phrase "argues" implies that the information provided isn't strictly factual, and therefore there may be a bias. Additionally, the editor used the phrase "Unfortunately, this means that..." which additionally implies a certain level of bias. People writing in Wikipedia should not use phrases like "unfortunately" because they do not convey neutrality, but rather imply an opinion on the information that the editor should not be sharing. However, other than a few instances like these, the article remained neutral. Additionally, I wasn't able to find anything that seemed over or underrepresented in the article. The article doesn't seem very well developed as I mentioned in the first paragraph, and therefore there are some topics that I don't think are covered enough or at all in the article such as history and healthcare. Women are covered a lot in the article which is great, but it also seemed to take up a decent proportion of the article, and therefore it perhaps should spend additional time on other topics.

The article seems to be missing citations, as there were 7 different sections that had "citation needed" and at least a few more areas that I thought warranted citations as well. The whole introduction section of the article was missing 6 citations, which seems like a problem that really needs to be fixed since the introduction is the first thing that people look at when viewing the page. If the information in the introductory section is unreliable, then that seems to take away credibility from the rest of the article. Additionally, there is a section in the article that lists the "current economic priorities of Guatemala" that is missing a citation also. This seems like a large problem because making a big claim about priorities of a country and not including a citation seems like a big oversight. How can the reader know or trust that these are indeed the economic priorities of Guatemala if there is not a source backing up that claim. I am personally really interested in where this information came from and whether -- assuming it was accurate when published -- it still represents the "current" priorities. If there isn't a source that lists this, I think it would be necessary to remove this (I made a point to ask about the source of this section on the Talk Page, and will see if I hear anything back, although the talk page hasn't been very active in recent years). Additionally, it seems that the articles cited on this article mainly come from between 2009-2012. They are not too out of date, but I think that it would be beneficial to add information to this article that is more current and uses articles from 2015 or later so that the article has information and data that is even more accurate and up to date. The facts that were written in the article are using information from published journal articles that seem legitimate, as well as UN and World Bank sources. Some of the journal articles seem like they may have a certain level of bias, such as the article written by Gammage that I discussed before. The editor didn't state that there might be a bias when they added this to Economy of Guatemala, but the language used implied that there was an argument being made in the published article, and therefore it wasn't strictly factual. This could have been improved by including a statement about the potential bias of this source and fact. Additionally, CNN was used as a source for a section of the article. I am not sure how valid it is to use news sources like this, so this potentially could be a problem. Overall, though it seems that the article had a lot of different sources cited, especially given the relatively small size of it, so I think that the information in it is probably pretty trustworthy. Also, the article did contain a lot of links to other Wikipedia articles, which I think is great. I think that the article could have used links to other Guatemala related articles the focused on the history for example, but it had a lot of links to more general topics that were expanded upon in the article such as GDP and subsistence agriculture, which I think was a definite strength of the article. When I expand on the agriculture section, I will be sure to add more links about topics that I will talk about, such as certain crops or practices that are used.

Finally, looking at the talk page, there doesn't seem to be a lot of activity. The most recent posts are from the end of 2016, so over a year ago. There are suggestions for where to add information (information that is now on the official article), and how to develop certain sections further. Additionally, there was a post from a person who works at the International Trace Center who suggested adding a source and external link to tariff data. This link was added to the external link portion of the article and seems to add an additional useful resource to readers. Another person suggested looking at the Spanish version of this article for more information and ideas, which is a really fantastic suggestion that I will keep in mind. Therefore, the talk page seems like a useful resource, although there doesn't seem to be a lot of activity on the page, which could limit it's usefulness to me if I am looking for advice or suggestions. There doesn't seem to be very much dialogue on here, so it seems like when I post on the page, I may not get a response. But a lack of response could also be an indication that it's okay to proceed with my idea. The article is a Start-Class and Top-Importance in the WikiProject Guatemala, and Start-Class Mid-Importance in the WikiProject Economics. Therefore, the page has a lot of development that could be and needs to be done on it before it is as expansive as it should be. Additionally, the project is relatively important to the projects it is included in, which means that the work and research I will be doing will be very beneficial to these projects.

Wags1234 (talk) 06:24, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Sustainable Gardening
After reading the article thoroughly, everything in it seems relevant to the topic. The sections in this article seem like they encompass the span of the topic well, including the historical development, the definition, principles and concepts, and measuring site sustainability of sustainable gardening. The sections additionally have subsections that go into greater detail, especially principles and concepts, which outlines several different principles that are fundamental to sustainable gardening. Therefore, although this is a relatively short article, it does a good job of going into a fairly deep level of detail in the topics it brings up. The topics are very relevant in giving context and details describing what makes sustainable gardening sustainable, and therefore, I think the article is fairly well developed already. There are some sections of this article, however, that could use still some further development which would make the article even more robust and informative for readers. For example, the historical development section could use some additional work, as can the definition portion. Additionally, the article seems to be largely composed of theory, given that its largest section involves principles of sustainable gardening. I think it could be beneficial to add examples of real life practices of sustainable gardening and the effects and results of using this practice in the field. Therefore I could add a section that included this more practical and real-life approach to looking at sustainable gardening. I think that this would also be useful in preparing me for my practice experience, because it would include research on successful practices rather than just the theory behind this approach.

The article does a successful job at staying neutral in its presentation of facts and data. It reads like a textbook, and presents the information in a straightforward and informative way without including language or phrasing that implies an opinion or bias. The sources seem legitimate, but it only seems to include sources that are either neutral or positive towards the practice of sustainable gardening, and doesn't bring up any criticisms of the practice. Because the information that has been written in the article isn't explicitly positive (it retains a neutral voice), it could be beneficial to include a section on both praises and critiques of sustainable gardening practices by different experts, so as to give other voices an equal representation in the article. However, I don't know how necessary it would be to add this since, again, there is no explicit praise or positive language in the article.

This article had a lot of citations throughout, and doesn't seem to be missing any citations. All sections that make claims are backed up by sources, and there seem to be at least two sources for every short paragraph. Therefore, I would conclude that this article seems well sourced, especially compared to the Economy of Guatemala article. When I looked at the reference section of this article, there was only one citation that had a hyperlink to its original source, and this hyperlink was broken. Upon googling this source, I wasn't able to find the original publication anywhere, but this source also came from a newsletter rather than a more official publication. Therefore, it seems like this specific source may not be the most reliable in the first place. Luckily it was only used once in the article, but it would be good to look into finding a more reliable source to back up that information. The other citations didn't have hyperlinks, but I was able to find the original sources for the ones I googled, and the publications seemed legitimate. Therefore, in general it seems like the sources used in this article were strong and helpful. However, the publication dates of the sources range from 1987 to 2012, with a large number of them from 2009. Therefore, I think it would be in the best interest of the article to include more recent sources, ideally from 2015 onwards. It would be interesting to see if some of the philosophies have shifted over time, and what practices look like today compared to 10 or 20 years ago.

The article included a lot of useful links to other wikipedia articles, and also had a "See Also" section at the bottom of the page that linked readers to other related agriculture and gardening related articles on Wikipedia. I think that the links that were included covered the most important information in the article, but if I were to add a section on actual practices, it would be useful to link to other pages that included other information on what I was talking about, such as the location in which it was implemented.

The Sustainable Gardening talk page has a decent amount of activity on it, although the most recent is from 2012 (and therefore it makes sense that the most recent citation comes from 2012 also). While in the Economy of Guatemala talk page, there seemed to be people making suggestions and then no responses from other people, in the Sustainable Gardening talk page, there was a lot more dialogue between people. There was some comments that involved removing information that wasn't properly sourced or encyclopedic enough, and suggesting where to add additional citations, that seem like they have been added properly. Additionally, there was discussion about what to name the article, giving information about the number of google searches for different names to advocate for the name "Sustainable Gardening" which was what it has settled on. There was also discussion about one active user on the page having a conflict of interest, as they were to co-author of an article that was up for debate, and this discussion took up a decent portion of the talk page. Finally, a couple other users made a point to "regroup", synthesizing the information previously presented in the talk page into one section. The talk page was very active, but people seemed very respectful and nothing got out of hand.

The article is within the WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening, but has neither a quality or importance rating. This doesn't seem to be like a particularly popular or highly visited page given its lack of a rating, and lack of activity since 2012, but it seems like a good article to work on. Wags1234 (talk) 21:34, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Agriculture
"Guatemala is the world leader in Cardamom production and export. As of 2013, demand for biofuels has resulted in diversion of land from subsistence agriculture to sugar cane and African Palm plantations. Much of the land is owned by large landlords. Due to legal requirements for production of biofuels in the United States the price of maize, a Guatemalan staple, has risen sharply. "

The above section was copied from the Wikipedia page. ↑

Agriculture accounts for 60% of exports in Guatemala and employs more than 50% of the labor force.

** Try to find a more current source for this data!**

Small-scale vs. large-scale agriculture
** added to Wiki page!!

The agricultural sector of Guatemala's economy consists of two types of producers: numerous small-scale peasant-owned farms in the highlands of Guatemala and fewer medium- to large-scale agricultural operations in the more fertile lowlands. These different scaled farms specialize in producing different crops, with the small-scale farms specializing in staples for the Guatemalan diet like beans and maize as well as fruits and vegetables for export, while the large farms produce export and plantation products like bananas, sugar cane, coffee, and rubber and oil palm. While 88% of agricultural land in Guatemala is owned by the large-scale farms, 92% of all farms in Guatemala are owned by small-scale farmers. When comparing total economic contributions to the Guatemalan economy, large farms provide 1/3 more per hectare than small farms. Small-scale farms, however, contribute a larger amount of employment to the economy than larger farms.

Non-Traditional Agricultural Exports
The shift to the production of non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAE) is a strategy used by developing countries like Guatemala with the goal of growing the agricultural sector and decreasing inequality by including the rural poor in the benefits of globalization. The most important NTAE crops in Guatemala include fruits like mangos, melons, and berries; vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and snow peas; and organic crops like coffee. The value of non-traditional agricultural export crops has increased its value from $146 million US dollars in 1992 to $262 million in 2001. IN 1998, NTAE accoudnted for 8.7 percent of the total exports in Guatemala. NTAE production is largely facilitated by small-scale farmers. While the farmers who are involved in this market are not failing, this market limits their capital accumulation to slow growth, and therefore they are not able to profit highly off of this market.

Gender
The agricultural sector of Guatemala is differentiated by gender, and this differential can be seen in several different areas. More men than women inherit or buy land individually, although many houses choose to rent land instead of buying it. Additionally, there is a gender gap in the the division of agricultural labor. Traditionally, men dominated subsistence production and agricultural production for domestic markets, while women had roles in small animal production, craft production, and the selling of products in regional rather than national markets. With the shift toward NTAE, there has also been an increase in field labor for women. Additionally, women have been included in land-use decision processes in NTAE production. Therefore, despite a traditional patriarchal structure in Guatemala, NTAE production is associated with increased independence and equality between men and women.

** Integrate different sources into this**

Sustainable agriculture in the Anthropocene
As the Earth is entering the Anthropocene, agriculture and agricultural development are at risk. Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint, and is simultaneously leading to huge amounts of environmental changes globally and being hugely impacted by these global changes. Additionally, the human population is continuing to grow rapidly at a rate which will require an increase in food production globally. This is complicated by the fact that the Earth is undergoing these rising amounts of environmental risks. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population while successfully operating within the changing environmental conditions.

Multifunctionality vs. ecosystem services
There are different scientific communities that are looking at the topic of sustainable agriculture through two separate lenses: multifunctional agriculture (MFA) and ecosystem services (ES). While both of these frameworks are similar, they look at the function of agriculture in different lights. Those that employ the multifunctional agriculture philosophy focus on farm-centered approaches, and define function as being the outputs of agricultural activity. The central argument of MFA is that agriculture has other functions aside from the production of food and fiber, and therefore agriculture is a multifunctional enterprise. These additional functions include renewable natural resource management and conservation of landscape and biodiversity. On the other hand, ES focuses on service-centered approaches, and define function as the provision of services to human beings. Specifically, ES posits that individuals and society as a whole receive benefits from ecosystems, which are called ecosystem services. Within the field of sustainable agriculture, the services that ecosystems provide include pollination, soil formation, and nutrient cycling, all of which are necessary functions for the production of food.

Key principles
There are several key principles associated with sustainable agriculture:
 * 1) The incorporation of biological and ecological processes into agricultural and food production practices. For example, these processes could include nutrient cycling, soil regeneration, and nitrogen fixation.
 * 2) Using decreased amounts of non-renewable and unsustainable inputs, particularly the ones that environmentally harmful.
 * 3) Using the expertise of farmers to both productively work the land as well as to promote the self-reliance and self-sufficiency of farmers.
 * 4) Solving agricultural and natural resource problems through the cooperation and collaboration of people with different skills. The problems tackled include pest management and irrigation.

Soil
*** added these sections!

"Soil erosion is fast becoming one of the world's severe problems. It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates." Soil erosion is not unique to Africa but is occurring worldwide. The phenomenon is being called peak soil as present large-scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing humanity's ability to grow food in the present and in the future. Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic.

Soil management techniques include no-till farming, keyline design, windbreaks to reduce wind erosion, incorporating organic matter back into fields, reducing chemical fertilizers, and protecting soil from water run-off."

The above section was copied from the Wikipedia page. ↑

** This section focuses on soil erosion mainly. I also want to add information about soil's role in carbon storage.**

Specifically, it is important to manage carbon levels in the soil. This is because carbon plays an essential role in soil properties that influence crop growth and ecosystem functioning.

Since soil holds so much carbon, it is a major store of the element, and this plays an increasingly crucial role within the context of climate change. Increases in levels of carbon in the soil could reduce climate change, while decreases in the soil could worsen it.

Key Debates
The main debate on how sustainable agriculture might be achieved centers around two different approaches: an ecocentric approach and a technocentric approach. The ecocentric approach emphasizes no- or low-growth levels of human development, and focuses on organic and biodynamic farming techniques with the goal of changing consumption patterns, and resource allocation and usage. The technocentric approach argues that sustainability can be attained through a variety of strategies, from the view that state-led modification of the industrial system like conservation-oriented farming systems should be implemented, to the argument that biotechnology is the best way to meet the increasing demand for food.

"Debates on the nature of sustainable agriculture and how it might be achieved generally refer to two polar extremes: an ecocentric approach and a technocentric approach (see Barkin 2006; Bryant and Wilson 1998; O’Neill et al. 2008). The former is linked to no- or low-growth scenarios for human development, with protagonists championing organic and biodynamic farming, which have radical implications for changes in consumption patterns, resource allocation and utilisation, and individual lifestyles. The agricultural practices proposed are generally diametrically opposed to the characteristics of industrial farming systems. The technocentric view rejects the ecocentric as being both practically and politically unrealistic. This regards sustainable agriculture as more of a contextual process acting as a goal to be attained while modifying existing agricultural systems. At one end of the technocentric view is the notion that sustainability can be approached by state-led modification of the industrial system (e.g. through extensive, diversified and conservation-orientated farming systems). At the other end, there is a technology-driven approach that regards the greater harnessing of biotechnology as the best means of meeting both the ever-growing demand for food and the need to make conservation gains from further agricultural development (Figure 1)."

Subsistence agriculture as a poverty alleviation strategy
Subsistence agriculture can be used as a poverty alleviation strategy, specifically as a safety net for food-price shocks and for food security. Poor countries are limited in fiscal and institutional resources that would allow them to contain rises in domestic prices as well as to manage social assistance programs, which is often because they are using policy tools that are intended for middle- and high-income countries. Low-income countries tend to have populations in which 80% of poor are in rural areas and more than 90% of rural households have access to land, yet a majority of these rural poor have insufficient access to food. Subsistence agriculture can be used in low-income countries as a part of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term, and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries.

Economy of Guatemala

 * Minor edits throughout the Economy of Guatemala article.
 * Added a sentence in the Agriculture section.
 * Added a subsection under Agriculture which I named "Scale". Added 5 sentences to this.
 * Added a subsection under Agriculture which I named "Non-traditional agricultural exports," and added 6 sentences to it. Linked a word.
 * Added a subsection under Agriculture which I named "Gender," and added 6 sentences to it.

Sustainable agriculture

 * Added 4 sentences to "Soil" section. It was subsequently edited and reduced to one sentence. Linked 2 words.
 * Added a new section, "Key principles", and added 7 sentences to it. I also linked 5 words.
 * Added a new section "Anthropogenic changes" and added 6 sentences to it. Also linked 2 words.
 * Added a new section "Key debates." Added a subsection, "Ecocentric vs technocentric" and 3 sentences to it. Linked 4 words. Also added a new section "Multifunctional agriculture vs ecosystem services." Added 8 sentences and linked 5 words.

Subsistence agriculture

 * Added a new section called "Poverty alleviation" and added 4 sentences to it. Linked 1 word.

Sustainable gardening

 * Minor edits throughout the Sustainable gardening article.

Area: Economy of Guatemala
'''Dürr, Jochen (2016-11-01). "The political economy of agriculture for development today: the "small versus large" scale debate revisited:. Agricultural Economics. 47 (6): 671-681. doi:10.1111/agec.12264. ISSN 1574-0862.'''

This article analyzes and compares the productivity of small-scale versus large-scale agriculture in Guatemala. Based on models and methodology outlined in the article, it concludes that small-scale agriculture can match large-scale agriculture in productivity and ability to stimulate growth, and argues that there should be a reorientation of the economy towards small-scale producers of agricultural products. I don't think that it is appropriate to incorporate the argument of this article on the Wikipedia page (that small-scale agriculture should be used more), but it gives a lot of details about the different small-scale and large-scale practices that make up the sector of agriculture in Guatemala's economy. Therefore, I will be using this information to detail how the agricultural sector is currently structured, and perhaps mention that there is a push to move toward smaller-scale agriculture, as argued in this article.

'''Hamilton, Sarah; Asturias de Barrios, Linda; Tevalán, Brenda (2001-09-01). "Gender and Commercial Agriculture in Ecuador and Guatemala". Culture & Agriculture. 23 (3): 1-12. doi:10.1525/cag.2001.23.3.1. ISSN 1556-486X.'''

This article focuses on the role of gender in commercial agriculture in Guatemala and Ecuador, specifically focusing on small-scale agriculture. It outlines division of labor, land, income, and decision making in the Highlands of Guatemala, and concludes that despite hierarchical structures that benefit men, women's roles in the agricultural sector of Guatemala's economy are more equal to men's than anticipated. Specifically, this can be seen in the fact that women have a greater access to the income that comes from agricultural production than expected based on traditional gender roles in agriculture and Guatemala. I think it's important to include a section on gender in the agriculture portion of the Economy of Guatemala page. Other sections on the page include an analysis of gender in the economy, and therefore, this fits with that trend. Additionally, it is important to understand how different people act and benefit in an economy, so the gender analysis that is argued in this article provides important information to create a complete section on the agricultural sector of Guatemala's economy.

'''Hamilton, Sarah; Fischer, Edward F. (2005-09-01). "Maya Farmers and Export Agriculture in Highland Guatemala: Implications for Development and Labor Relations". Latin American Perspectives. 32 (144): 38-58 – via SAGE Journals.'''

This article looks at the different impacts of nontraditional agriculture — which was implemented in the 1970s and 1980s as a poverty reduction strategy — on the economy, and how the small-scale farmers that provide these crops fit into and are affected by the economy. It specifically looks at highland communities that are the main producers of fruits and vegetables for export, and concludes that these farmers are vulnerable in the global market, but are able to remain in the market, and have steady employment rates. While this article additionally focuses on the cultural and social impacts of nontraditional agriculture, I will only be using it for information related to the economy. Although this may seem like a very specific article detailing a specific portion of the Guatemalan economy, nontraditional agriculture is dominated by the small-scale growers, and therefore this article will provide me with useful information about a decent portion of the agricultural economy in Guatemala. I will be able to use this information to detail nontraditional agriculture in Guatemala's economy, and the workers who are involved in this part of the economy. Additionally, the area where I will be doing my PE is located in Highland Guatemala, so this article carries additional weight in building my understanding of how my PE fits into the overall economy of Guatemala.

''' Carletto, Calogero; Kirk, Angeli; Winters, Paul C.; Davis, Benjamin (2010-06-01). "Globalization and Small-holders: The Adoption, Diffusion, and Welfare Impact of Non-Traditional Export Crops in Guatemala". World Development. 38 (6): 814-827. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.017. ISSN 0305-750X.'''

This article explores the role on non-traditional export crops in small-holder farms in Guatemala, and describes why they were adopted and the impact they have on the farm owners who now rely on them. The article provides useful information on the shift to the production of non-traditional agricultural exports, and how Guatemala and other developing country employed this strategy in order to grow the agricultural sector as well as to decrease inequality for the rural poor by including them in the benefits on globalization.

'''Hamilton, Sarah; Fischer, Edward F. (2003-11-06). "Non-Traditional Agricultural Exports in Highland Guatemala: Understandings of Risk and Perceptions of Change". Latin American Research Review. 38 (3): 82-110. doi:10.1353/lar.2003.0033. ISSN 1542-4278.'''

This article by Hamilton and Fischer focuses on non-traditional agricultural exports in Highland Guatemala, and analyzes whether this economic strategy, which was employed partially to help the rural poor profit off of the economy, actually successfully helps the poor small-scale farm owners in rural Guatemala. This article provided me with useful information on the relationship that small-scale farmers have with non-traditional agricultural exports, leading to the conclusion that the economic strategy actually limits the capital accumulation of the farmers, thus not being as beneficial as those who initiated this strategy suggested.

''' Pagán, José A. (2002-10-01). "Gender Differences in Labor Market Decisions in Rural Guatemala". Review of Development Economics. 6 (3): 428-441. doi:10.1111/1467-9361.00165. ISSN 1467-9361.'''

This article analyzed the male and female differences in workforce participation in rural Guatemala, and concludes that there is a definite gender gap in employment, yet there are also structural factors that help to reduce gender differences when it comes to rural entrepreneurship. I was able to acquire useful information about gender differences in rural employment - which is largely related to agriculture - and was additionally able to collect useful general data on the role of agriculture in Guatemala's overall economy.

''' Damiani, Octavio (2000-09-01). "The State and Nontraditional Agricultural Exports in Latin America: Results and Lessons of Three Case Studies".'''

This article outlines a number of case studies on nontraditional agricultural exports in a variety of Latin American countries. It analyzed the role that public policy played in developing these products as well as the effects of nontraditional agriculture on the poor. The Guatemala case study in this article provided me with a lot of useful information on the specific form that nontraditional agriculture takes in Guatemala. Specifically, it described which crops constitute nontraditional exports in Guatemala, as well as how much money and what percentage of Guatemala's economy these crops account for.

'''Carletto, Calogero; Kilic,Talip; Kirk, Angeli (2009)."Non-Traditional Export Crops in Guatemala: Short-Term Tool or Long-Term Strategy for Poverty Alleviation?". AGRIS: International Information for the Agricultural Science and Technology.'''

This article documents the long-term welfare effect of nontraditional agricultural exports on households in Guatemala by using data from the years 1985 to 2005. The study concludes that welfare levels have improved for many households, but the extent of the improvement has varied across groups. Specifically, long term adopters of nontraditional agriculture had the smallest increase in welfare levels, while those who adopted it early and withdrew after the boom in the 1980s had greater improvements. This article provided me with important information on the effects of nontraditional agriculture on the rural poor who adopted it, which was useful insight in my exploration on this portion of Guatemala's economy. Additionally, this article included useful statistics on the value of nontraditional export crops in Guatemala's economy.

''' Gudeman, Stephen F. (2015-12-01). The Strength of the House. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–51. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316442739.002. ISBN 9781107130869.'''

Sector: Sustainable agriculture
' Sustainable agriculture and food supply: scientific, economic, and policy enhancements.'' Etingoff, Kim. Oakville, ON. 2016. ISBN 9781771883849. OCLC 933765966.'''

This is a book that delves into the scientific and economic aspects of sustainable gardening in great detail, touching on case studies as well as the future of sustainable agriculture. This will be a very useful resource because it is composed of different studies and articles that have been published on sustainable gardening, and therefore will provide me with other potential sources. Additionally, it gives a fantastic overview of the science behind sustainable agriculture that will allow me to add important information to the article. Additionally, it provides information on the direction that sustainable agriculture is moving in, which could be interesting information to add to the Wikipedia article.

'''Rockström, Johan; Williams, John; Daily, Gretchen; Noble, Andrew; Matthews, Nathanial; Gordon, Line; Wetterstrand, Hanna; DeClerck, Fabrice; Shah, Mihir (2016-05-13). "Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability". Ambio. 46 (1): 4-17. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0793-6.'''

This article aims to put sustainable agriculture into the context of global climate and environmental changes that are happening in the Anthropocene, specifically arguing that agriculture should meet the needs of human beings, while also contributing to the wellbeing of the natural landscape. It would be really interesting to add a section on sustainable agriculture in a changing global climate, since global change will affect agricultural practices on the entire planet — including, of course, Guatemala, where I'll be doing my PE.

'''Huang, Jiao; Tichit, Muriel; Poulot, Monique; Darly, Ségolène; Li, Shuangcheng; Petit, Caroline; Aubry, Christine (2014-10-16). "Comparative review of multifunctionality and ecosystem services in sustainable agriculture". Journal of Environmental Management. 149: 138-147.'''

This article delves into the concepts of multifunctional agriculture and ecosystem services, which are both considered independently from one another, and looks to compare their ideologies philosophies through the lens of sustainable agriculture. I would like to introduce these concepts into the article, defining them in the context of sustainable gardening, and compare them to one another as the article does. As the article discusses, there are two different scientific communities that each focus on one of these topics, and therefore, these are clearly important concepts in the world of sustainable agriculture, and therefore should be included in the Wikipedia article. Ecosystem services are mentioned briefly, but multifunctionality is not, so adding more on both of these seems like a good way to strengthen the article.

'''Pretty, Jules (2008-02-12). "Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1491): 447-465. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2163. ISSN 0962-8436. .'''

The article explores the concepts and principles that make up the topic of sustainable agriculture. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of new approaches involving sustainability in food production, and argues that using the principles of sustainability will help to build capital assets - including natural, human, physical, and financial capital - for agricultural systems. This article was very useful in providing me with the key principles that are associated with sustainable agriculture, and serve as guidelines for this practice.

'''Powlson, D.S.; Gregory, P.J.; Whalley, W.R.; Quinton, J.N.; Hopkins, D.W.; Whitmore, A.P.; Hirsch, P.R.; Goulding, K.W.T. (2001-01-01). "Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services". Food Policy. 36: S72-S87. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025. ISSN 0306-9192.'''

This article looks at the role of soil management in sustainable agriculture, and emphasizes the important role that soil plays in global food security, especially with climate change and population increases. It reviews soil issues that are relevant to global food security and ecosystem functioning, and additionally suggests actions for this issues which includes policies, communication, and research. Given the rich information in this article, I was able to collect useful information to add to the soil section of the Sustainable Agriculture article. Specifically, it provided me with information on the importance of managing carbon levels in the soil, especially within the context of climate change.

'''Renting, H.; Rossing, W.A.H.; Groot, J.C.J.; Van der Ploeg, J.D.; Laurent, C.; Perraud, D.; Stobbelaar, D.J.; Van Ittersum, M.K. (2009-05-01). "Exploring multifunctional agriculture. A review of conceptual approaches and prospects for an integrative transitional framework". Journal of Environmental Management. 90: S112-S123. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.014. ISSN 0301-4797.'''

This article explores the concept of multifunctionality, which is one of two frameworks that are used to look at the subject of sustainable agriculture. It looks at the history of this concept in the context of agriculture, and lists it potential for use in a multidisciplinary setting. I was able to use this article to learn about the central argument of the concept of multifunctionality, which provided me with useful insight on the role of this concept in sustainable agriculture.

'''Sandhu, Harpinder S.; Wratten, Stephen D.; Cullen, Ross (2010-02-01). "Organic agriculture and ecosystem services". Environmental Science and Policy. 13 (1): 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.11.002. ISSN 1462-9011.'''

This article outlines the concept of ecosystem services, which is the other of the two frameworks used to look at the subject of sustainable agriculture. The article describes ecosystem services as the different services an ecosystem provides that is beneficial to humans, which includes pollination, soil formation, and nutrient cycling within the context of agriculture. The article provided me with very useful information on what constitutes the concept of ecosystem services, and how it is used as a framework with which to look at sustainable agriculture.

'''Tilman, David; Cassman, Kenneth G.; Matson, Pamela A.; Naylor, Rosamond; Polasky, Stephen (2002-08-08). "Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices". Nature. 418 (6898): 671-677. doi:10.1038/nature01014.'''

This article argues that with projected increases in population of the next 50 years, sustainable agriculture presents a potential solution that will allow the successful continuation of food production. Additionally, it argues that agriculturalists, who are the managers of global useable lands, will shape the surface of the Earth in the coming decades, and therefore, sustainability will be essential in order to keep up production in a changing world. This article provided me with information on the potential role of sustainable agriculture in the context of climate and population changes, and additionally gave me more information on what ecosystem services are and how they are beneficial to human beings.

Sector: Subsistence agriculture
'''Altieri, Miguel A. (2004-02-01). 'Linking ecologists and traditional farmers in the search for sustainable agriculture". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2 (1): 35-42. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0035:leatfi]2.0.co;2. ISSN 1540-9309.'''

This article explores the role that traditional farmers have historically played in developing diverse and locally adapted agricultural systems that have historically resulted in community food security as well as the conservation of agrobiodiversity. It argues that by studying the systems that traditional farmers have had in the subsistence agriculture, ecologists can enhance their knowledge of complex systems, specifically between biodiversity and ecosystem function and practical principles with the goal of designing more sustainable agroecosystems.

'''de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth (2011-06-01). "Subsistence farming as a safety net for food-price shocks". Development in Practice. 21 (4-5): 472-480. doi:10.1080/09614524.2011.561292. ISSN 0961-4524.'''

This article describes how subsistence farming is a safety net for food-price shocks, and argues that the policies used by middle- and high-income countries are unsuitable for poorer, agricultural countries, and instead recommends that poorer nations should promote broader access to land and raise land productivity. Additionally, it describes the features of smallholder famers in poorer countries, and demonstrates how subsistence farming can be part of a policy response to a food crisis.

Sector: Sustainable gardening
** I know these are very specific articles, but that is intentional. If it is better to be more broad, I can widen my scope when I search for articles in the future, but currently, my goal is to find good case studies to use showing the implementation of different sustainable gardening practices.**

''' Berkowitz, Briana N.; Medley, Kimberly E. (2017-07-27). "Home Gardenscapes as Sustainable Landscape Management on St. Eustatius, Dutch Caribbean". Sustainability. 9 (8): 1310. doi:10.3390/su9081310.'''

This article examines gardenscapes implemented on St. Eustatius, a Caribbean island, using sustainable gardening and sustainable landscape management principles. The study specifically focuses on the growth of plants around a home and how they contribute to plant diversity, as well as how the gardens affect the livlihoods of residents. It concludes that the gardens give resources to residents through food production, and that the gardening practices support plant diversity. The article is a specific case study of the implementation of sustainable gardens in one specific location, and therefore, contains location-specific information. However, since I am planning on implementing a case studies or success/limitation section, I think that it is okay to have highly specialized information, and am therefore planning on using this study in the case study section to show what practical implementation of sustainable gardening looks like.

'''Guitart, Daniela A.; Byrne, Jason A.; Pickering, Catherine M. (2013-12-05). "Greener growing: assessing the influence of gardening practices on the ecological viability of community gardens in South East Queensland, Australia". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 58 (2): 189-212 – via Taylor & Francis Online'''

This article outlines a study done in Australia that looked into the practices of gardens in two different cities, with the goal of understanding how different gardening practices affect the ecology of gardens, and understanding policy implications. After analyzing different factors such as cultural diversity, characteristics of gardens, and garden practices, the study detailed implications for environmental planning as well land use policy and decision making, that included conclusions on these gardens creating a decrease in reliance on imported foods. The study concluded that the viability of gardens is dependent on both social factors like governance, as well as environmental factors that are dictated by gardening practices, with permaculture, which sustainable gardening is a form of, being a more successful practice. This article is also a specific study that looks at gardens in Australia, and would be useful to use in my Case Studies section. It is especially useful because it compares sustainable garden practices with other practices that are less sustainable, and this comparison is useful to show how different practices vary, thus highlighting what makes sustainable gardening unique from other forms of gardening.

'''Hudson, Suraya; Krogman, Naomi; Beckie, Mary (2016-06-01). "Social practices of knowledge mobilization for sustainable food production: nutrition gardening and fish farming in the kolli hills of India". Food Security. 8 (3): 523-533. doi:10.1007/s12571-061-0580-z. ISSN 1876-4517.'''

This article looks at how small-scale farmers of a specific region in India acquire and use their knowledge of sustainable food production, focusing on gardening and fish farming. The study outlined traditional and new knowledge that the farmers used, how they got this knowledge, what it looks like in practice, and how it affects their production. The sections of this article that are on nutritional gardening will be useful to me. Certain new practices that the villagers acquired such as plot organization and seed saving are aspects of sustainable gardening, and it's useful to see the effects of more sustainable practices on production in this case study. This is another specific article, but will be useful to use a case study showing how certain gardening practices and knowledge can influence sustainable production. This can be tied into the previous sections on philosophy of sustainable gardening since it's about social practices of knowledge used in gardening.