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= Japanese Weasel = The Japanese weasel is a relatively small carnivorous mammal found natively throughout Japan.

Ecology
Japanese weasels are sexually dimorphic with the males weighing approximately three times that of females.[16] Despite this, there is no significant observable difference of tail-ratios between the sexes. [10] Both genders are capable of creating a smelly excretion known as musk from an anal gland used to repel predators[8] which is employed by rubbing this secretion on rocks, branches and other natural obstacles.[18] They are sexually mature before they are a year old and give birth to four to five offspring. [8]The offspring are weaned in 8 weeks.[17]

Japanese weasels have been responsible for the protection of tree saplings in winter as they hunt the rodents that chew on the roots when hibernating snakes and owls can’t control the rodent population.[17]

Diet
The diet of the Japanese weasel involves a mix of animals including mice, reptiles, crayfish and frogs.[8] They eat some non-meat food such as berries, seeds and fruits but only when exceptionally hungry.[16][17] Additionally, there is a difference between the diets of males and females due to their sexual dimorphism.[6] Males tend to eat more mammals and crustacean while females tend to eat a more varied diet of insects, fruit and earthworms.[13] Their stomachs can only hold 10-20 grams of food and as small rodents weigh 15-30 grams, Japanese weasels cannot eat more than one small rodent in a sitting.

Their diet changes depending on the season depending on the scarcity and availability of certain foods.[16] Fish and insects constitute a part of their diet throughout all seasons however seasonal change means that the most consumed food seasonally is coleoptera insects in spring, fruits in summer, orthoptera insects and crustaceans in autumn and fish and fruit in winter.[6]

One of the dangers of urbanisation to Japanese weasels is that their intolerance to artificial food. [13]

Temperament
Japanese weasels live a solitary life[18] and as they are prey to numerous species, cautious behaviours can be observed in the weasel.[8] The only situations that force them to leave their solitary lifestyle is cases of mating and mothers feeding their young.[18] Their temperament and activity is largely controlled by a balancing of several essential needs: finding food maintain metabolism, avoiding harsh weather and predators, finding mates  and feeding their young.[18]

They move into open areas with great care and live in dens within logs, and tree stumps. They react quickly when they believe they are in danger and quickly dash to safety. Their dens are lined with grass or feathers and are known to store food in dedicated caches. [8] Communication between weasels is achieved acoustically and chemically. Territory is decided by marking the Earth with musk. Scent marks hold information that can be comprehended by other weasels about “sex, identity, social status, and breeding condition, but also the probable outcome of a confrontation.”(King) The calls and sounds made by a Japanese weasel are varied and include trills, screeches, hisses and barks. Each sounds is used in different scenarios and circumstances from indicating imminent danger to comforting the young. should The vision of Japanese weasels is unimpeded by the dark. [16]

Japanese weasels have a polygynous mating system as, after copulation, the male often never sees the female again. The male hunts down the female by analysing traces of her scent. Once the female is tracked down, hours or days of play biting occurs before the relatively brief act of copulation. [16]

Like other species of weasels, Japanese weasels, particularly males are ferocious fighters. Despite this, they are capable of avoiding confrontation by retreating from areas where another weasel’s scent remains.[16] Vernon-Betts gives a recount of witnessing a fight between weasels. [16]

Hunting
Before the advent of radio tagging, it was difficult to observe the hunting patterns of weasels. Weasels hunt regardless of whether it is day or night, instead, they hunt depending on their level of hunger.[16]

Hunting most often occurs along rivers though, at times, they enter suburban areas and grasslands to find prey.[18]

Due to their high metabolism, weasels must constantly hunt to fulfil their energy needs. Japanese weasels, like other weasels, use their agility to their advantage as they are confident swimmers, climbers, runners and capable of reaching prey in hard to reach places. They use of their long body to aid their hunting as they wrap their body around prey to suppress its struggle. Additionally, the prey can be reoriented within its bodily grip. Even after taking a deep bite into the prey, the weasel holds on for some time.[17] The prey can be found by scent, vision or hearing though the killing is ultimately done by sight. [16]

Japanese Weasels investigate holes and cracks to hunt out smaller prey. Small prey such as mice are hunted by pierces to the brain and neck with their teeth and are also carried by the neck. Japanese Weasels are prey to some larger animals. Foxes, martens, preying birds and domestic cats hunt Japanese Weasels and pose a threat to their life. [8] Despite this, Japanese weasels are known to hunt prey larger than them such as rabbits. Even as prey, rabbits pose a threat to weasels and are capable of kicking and dragging in defence. [16] In snowy areas in winter, Japanese weasels chase rodents through tunnels in the snow, using their slender bodies to their advantage. [18][17]

Caching is employed by Japanese weasels when they kill multiple prey within one session. [8][16] This occurs when multiple prey are visible to weasels as their willingness to hunt is instantaneous and instinctual when prey enters their line of sight regardless of hunger levels. Japanese weasels maintain this supply of excess food in their cache, and to a greater importance in winter for days when weather prevents hunting. Where there are chicken coups or other locations of extremely vulnerable prey, the supply of cached food can far exceed the need of the weasel. [16]

Distribution and habitat
As they have thin fur and long bodies, the selection of a nest is important to Japanese weasels. There is variation between males and females in the way they select their nests as females require habitats with higher quality food than males. This is due to a necessity to feed bother themselves and their offspring.[13]

The Japanese Weasel are found to inhabit grasslands, shrublands, forests[13] and plantations.[8] They are not affected greatly by altitude and have an upper elevation limit of 336 metre.[8][13] Of the forests they live in, they inhabit both natural and secondary forests. [8] They are found widespread throughout Japan but have evacuated most of western Japan and lowlands which the introduced Siberian weasel has taken over as the dominant weasel.[13]

The co-existence of villages and Japanese weasels pose a risk to the life of the weasel as many dead Japanese weasels are found to be killed on roads.[10] Further, they are not typically found within big cities. They are not at all found within urban Tokyo. A decrease in human activity in rural areas leads to the return of Japanese weasels to that area. This was seen in the rural regions of Oitia, Japan. The area that sees the greatest decline of Japanese weasels is western Japan [13]

Vermin Control
The Japanese Weasel has been used by the governments of both Russia and japan as an aid for vermin control.[8]

In order to deal with Hokkaido’s rat problem, the Japanese weasel was introduced to the island in the 1880s. In 1932 it was also introduced to southern Sakhalin Island in Russia however there are no reliable records on the current state of the Japanese weasel’s population there since 1980.[13]

The introduction of the species in some cases, especially Miyake Island has inadvertently affected population of Japanese Bush Warblers as they hunt eggs and chicks of the bird. Prior to the introduction of the Japanese weasel, predation towards the warbler rarely occurred. After introduction of the Japanese weasels, the survival rate of the warbler in nestling and incubation stages has been measured to be around 0.498 and 0.848.[9]

As they prey on domesticated birds such as chickens they are seen as having a negative economic impact on humans. [18]

In Japanese Culture
The Japanese weasel has been embedded in everyday Japanese vernacular. In Japanese “itachi gokko” or “weasel play” defines the vicuous cycle of repeating the same message. The scent of their excreted musk gives rise to the saying “itachi no saigo-pei” which translates to “the weasel’s final fart” which is used to describe the final words of an unpopular speaker. An individual who acts with bravado only when they have no formidable opponents can be labelled “itachi” or “weasel”. Despite the everyday use of these phrases, they do not reflect the true temperament of Japanese weasel.[17]

Folklore
A countryside Japanese legend states that after reaching the age of 100, a Japanese weasel will transform into a Japanese Marten Martes melampus.[17]

Though not originally depicted as a weasel, the yokai to explain the phenomenon of cutting winds was eventually represented as a Japanese weasel. Named kamaitachi (鎌鼬), the yokai is depicted as having long, sharp nails similar in shape to sickles. It is a highly recognisable yokai found throughout Japan though most commonly in the snowy north of Honshu. The characterisation of the yokai varies slightly across Japan. For example, it is recognised as a trio of three weasels each with their own characteristic action. One to push over a victim, another that inflicts injury with a blade and the third which administers a healing salve.[12]

The existence of kamaitachi has been accepted from as early as 1911 as the British Journal reported on what was referred to as ‘Kamaitachi Disease’ which was labelled as a spontaneous wound.[12][14] The wound is described as crescent shaped and spontaneously appeared during thunderstorms as a result of temporary vacuum. Mr. Y Tanaka, writing for the British Medical Journal explains with the phenomenon that “…during thunderstorms a temporary vacuum may occur in places as a result of stray air currents, and if a part of the body comes into such a space a tear may result from the internal pressure unmodified by the action of external pressure.”[14]

= Bibliography = 1.     IUCN

2.     Nucleotide (NU)

3.     Japan encyclopaedia

4.     Mammal species of the world

5.     Phylogeography

6.     Food habits

7.     Molecular phylogeography

8.     Hooper, R., 2003. Japanese weasel. The Japan Times, [online] Available at: < https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2003/05/08/environment/japanese-weasel/#.Xnhuli1L0gp > [Accessed 21 March 2020]. (4)

Newspaper

9.     Hamao, Shoji & Nishimatsu, Kiyono. (2010). Predation of Bird Nests by Introduced Japanese Weasel Mustela itatsi on an Island. Ornithological Science. 8. 139-146. 10.2326/osj.8.139.

Academic article

10.  Sasaki, H., Ohta, K., Aoi, T., Watanabe, S., Hosoda, T., Suzuki, H., … Oda, S. (2014). Factors Affecting the Distribution of the Japanese Weasel Mustela itatsi and the Siberian Weasel M. sibirica in Japan. Mammal Study, 39(3), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.3106/041.039.0302

Academic article

11.  Kaneko, Y., Shibuya, M., Yamaguchi, N., Fujii, T., Okumura, T., Matsubayashi, K., & Hioki, Y. (2009). Diet of Japanese weasels (Mustela itatsi) in a sub-urban landscape: Implications for year-round persistence of local populations. Mammal Study, 34(2), 97–105.

Academic article

12.  Foster, M. (2015). The Book of Yokai : Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Nonfiction book

13.  Kaneko, Y., Masuda, R. & Abramov, A.V. 2016. Mustela itatsi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2016: e.T41656A45214163. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41656A45214163.en. Downloaded on 10 May 2020.

Academic article/website

14.  Br Med J 1911; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.2646.E37 (Published16 September 1911)Cite this as: Br Med J 1911;2:E37

Academic article

15.  Masuda, Ryuichi & Michihiro C. Yoshida (1994) "Nucleotide sequence variation in Cytochrome b genes in three species of weasels Mustela itatsi, Mustela sibirica and Mustela nivalis, detected by improved PCR product-direct sequencing technique", Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 19 (1): 33-43.

Academic article

16.  King, C., Powell, R., & Powell, C. (2006). The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats Ecology, Behavior, and Management (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.

17. Nicol, C., 2020. ''What's 'Weasely' About Wonderful Weasels? | The Japan Times''. [online] The Japan Times. Available at: < https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/11/01/environment/whats-weasely-wonderful-weasels/#.XtRwHC-r0go > [Accessed 28 May 2020]. NOE

18.VanNatta, E., 2020. Mustela Itatsi (Japanese Weasel). [online] Animal Diversity Web. Available at: < https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mustela_itatsi/ > [Accessed 31 April 2020].

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Subheading Below Biology heading
The Japanese weasel is a furry critter.

Habitat
The Japanese weasel can be found in fields.