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Social inertia is a term that applies the physics concept of inertia to other fields, in particular social science fields such as psychology and sociology. It is used to describe resistance to change or the endurance of stable relationships in societies or social groups. Social inertia can be thought of as the opposite of social change.

Origins
The idea of social inertia can be traced back to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. According to Bourdieu, each person occupies a position in a social space, which consists of his or her social class as well as social relationships and social networks. Through the individual's engagement in the social space, he or she develops a set of behaviors, lifestyle and habits (which Bourdieu referred to as habitus) which often serve to maintain the status quo. Thus, people are encouraged to "accept the social world as it is, to take it for granted, rather than to rebel against it, to counterpose to it different, even antagonistic, possibles." This can explain the continuity of the social order through time.

In Sociology
Social inertia has been used to explain how dominant social classes maintain their status and privilege over time, despite the myth that modern society offers equal opportunity and high social mobility through mechanisms such as formal education. Sociologists have examined how economic and cultural heritage is transmitted across generations, which can lead to strong social inertia even during times of social progress. In particular, Bourdieu found in his studies of Algeria that even during times of rapid economic change, cultural and symbolic factors limited the flexibility of the society to quickly adapt to change.

In the Culture of Honor
An example of social inertia in the culture of the United States is the culture of honor which exists in parts of the South and West. In the culture of honor, violence is seen as an acceptable way of responding to insults or threats to a person's self, family, property, or reputation. Historians believe that the culture of honor arose as a way of enforcing order on the frontier, when the South and West were first being settled and there was inadequate law enforcement and little social order. Even though the economic and social circumstances of these regions have since changed, the culture of honor persists due to social inertia. It has become a social norm in southern and western culture, and these norms persist even when economiics change.

In Creative Labor
In a 2013 journal article in the Journal of Sociology, sociologist Scott Brook applied the theory of social inertia to the field of creative labor. Specifically, Brook was concerned with why so many students would continue to seek degrees in creative fields (such as the arts and creative writing), even when the oversupply of labor meant that many students were unable to find employment in those fields after graduation. Even if they were able to find employment, they earned less than their peers with non-creative degrees. Scott used Bourdieu’s notion of social inertia to suggest that students who were drawn to the non-commercial nature of creative fields came from families with low socioeconomic status and whose parents had not been able to develop a career themselves. Current students followed in their parents' footsteps by choosing educational pursuits which were less likely to lead to high-earning careers, thus leading to social inertia in income across generations.

In Collaborations
Social inertia has been used as a way of studying collaborations and interactions between people. Specifically, social inertia has been defined as a measurement of how likely people are to continue collaborating with previous partners or members of the same team. An analysis of large-scale complex networks such as the IMDB movie database showed that two types of "extreme" collaboration behaviors appeared more than average - some people collaborate with the same partners over and over again, while others change partners frequently.

In Attitudes and Attitude Change
Psychological studies on attitudes and attitude change have found that participants are reluctant to reduce their confidence in an estimate that they made even after they have received information that goes against their estimate. Researchers have hypothesized that this "inertia effect" is due to participants' commitment to their initial judgments.

In Romantic Relationships
Some psychological studies have shown that premarital cohabitation (living together before marriage) is associated with an increased risk of divorce. This has been termed the Premarital Cohabitation Effect. Researchers believe that one reason for this effect is that living together increases the inertia of the relationship - i.e., the likelihood that a couple will continue to stay together. Inertia in cohabiting couples occurs because living together imposes constraints on a relationship (a shared lease, etc.) that make relationships harder to end. Therefore, a cohabiting couple may stay together even if they are not compatible. Because living together represents an ambiguous form of commitment compared with marriage, cohabiting may not increase the levels of dedication in either partner. Partners may "slide" into marriage through cohabitation instead of making a firm decision to commit to each other, leading to problems in the marriage in the future.

In Animal Behavior
The term social inertia was used to describe dominance hierarchies in animal groups by A.M. Guhl in 1968. Studies of animal behavior have found that groups of animals can form social orders or social hierarchies that are relatively fixed and stable. For example, chickens establish a social order within the group based on pecking behaviors. Even when some of the chickens were treated with an androgen to increase their aggressiveness, the established social order suppressed their exhibition of aggressive behaviors so that social order was maintained.

This same effect has been found in other vertebrae such as cockroaches and birds, as well as in invertebrates such as social wasps and the burying beetle N. orbicollis. Researchers theorize that this lack of change in social hierarchies even under the influence of aggression hormones is due to the effects of familiarity - animals learn their place in the social hierarchy of a group within the first few encounters with other group members. This will cause low-ranking animals treated with aggression hormones to behave aggressively towards animals from other groups but not towards dominant members of their own group.

Cultural Inertia
The psychologist Michael Zarate has coined the term "cultural inertia" to refer to reactions to social change, such as those caused by immigration. Cultural inertia is defined as the desire to avoid cultural change, the desire for change to continue once it is already occurring. Within the cultural inertia framework, the dominant group is stable and resists cultural change, while minority groups desire cultural changes which incorporate their cultural traditions so that they don't have assimilate into the dominant culture. In the context of the United States and immigration, the framework suggests that White majority members resist the cultural change that occurs from immigration, while immigrant groups try to enact change in U.S. culture.

Cultural inertia is related to social psychological theories such as the instrumental model of group conflict, acculturative fit, and system justification theory. It is a contributor to intergroup prejudice due to groups' fear of cultural change.