User:White.2015/sandbox

Topic: Anti-Predator adaptation (Defensive Evolution) Bibliography:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140320101314.htm Andrea A. Cocucci, Salvador Marino, Matías Baranzelli, Ana P. Wiemer, Alicia Sérsic. The buck in the milkweed: evidence of male-male interference among pollinaria on pollinators. New Phytologist, 2014; DOI: 10.1111/nph.12766 This article discusses a type of defensive reproduction found in milkweed pollen

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02270696 Reuven Yosef,Douglas W. Whitman This article discusses the difference and opposition between offense and defensive adaptations

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1443606 Robert T. Nowak and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr           This paper discusses a specific type of defensive adaptation in salamanders

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03620.x/abstract J. F. V. Vincent and P. Owers This article discusses the defensive nature of hedgehog and porcupine spines which are an excellent example of evolution.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927014.1991.9525390#.VBZXhxYplaw http://faculty.virginia.edu/brodie/files/publications/EEE1991.pdf E.D. Brodie Jra, D.R. Formanowicz Jra & E.D. Brodie An article with general information about defensive adaptations and some examples

Due Oct. 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation

1. More examples of morphological defenses What kinds of things should be mentioned? Larson.309 (talk) 18:14, 12 October 2014 (UTC) 2. Mention of poison defenses of any kind (dart frog, lubber grasshopper, salamanders) 3.No mention of plants or seeds as a category.

Some types of spines are only incidentally used for defense however, as research has shown that animals like the hedgehog may use theirs as shock absorbers based on their design when compared to animals like the porcupine

Due Nov. 17 FINAL DRAFT STARTS HERE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation

Another example of an animal with anti-predator defenses is the Salamander. They can encompass a vast majority of the known defensive adaptations found in animals. Some have behavioral adaptations such as being nocturnal, cave dwelling, or even deep-water species. Others use physical adaptations, like poison skin, claws, teeth, or loose skin. In more extreme cases, some types of salamanders have evolved three ribs that are extra sharp and protrude from the skin. These salamanders, when feeling threatened, will lift themselves up on their hind legs and attempt to ram their ribs into their attacker. The ribs are not only sharp, but are also coated in a strong toxin that they secrete from their skin. A more well-known example of defensive adaptations are spines. Spines are sharp protrusions that come off an animal and are generally used for defense. They can be barbed, poisonous, and very dangerous to a predator. Perhaps two of the most obvious examples of spines can be found on the porcupine and the hedgehog. While both are examples of spines, it is important to see how different these are. The spines of a porcupine have evolved to be as long as possible without bending. They are evolutionarily designed to break at the tip and are barbed to stick into a would-be predator. These spines are designed to keep an attacker as far away from the animal as possible while this is just an incidental use of the hedgehog’s spines. To contrast, the hedgehog has short spines designed to bend. They are barbed into the hedgehog, meaning that they do not easily lose their spines like the porcupine. A hedgehog’s spines can be used to defend against predators by being jabbed at the attacker, but many scientists think that these spines are designed to be shock absorbers for the hedgehog as they often fall from high distances that may otherwise harm them.