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= Panpanzee and Panbanisha = Panpanzee (also known as “Panzee”) was a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) born at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia on December 31,1985 and Panbanisha was a female bonobo (Pan paniscus) born at the Language Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia on November 17, 1985. The two were raised together, despite the fact that they were from different species, by human caregivers for five years. They served as subjects of primate language comprehension and production studies with the use of Yerkish, directed by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, until the end of the study period in October 1989. In 2005, Panbanisha was moved to Great Ape TrustThe Great Ape Trust in DesMoines, Iowa where she continued to work on language acquisition with Savage-Rumbaugh. This persisted until her death on November 6, 2012, only a few days before her 27th birthday. After the examination of her language acquisition, Panpanzee participated in cognitive research studies until her death in 2014.

Background
Panpanzee was separated from her mother eight days after birth, and was transferred to the Language Research Center to be co-reared with Panbanisha. Because Panbanisha’s mother, Matata, would not allow Panpanzee to nurse from her, Panbanisha was separated from her in order to successfully co-rear the young apes. From there, they were almost constantly by each other’s side. The two were usually in the proximity of at least one adult human and had frequent contact with several older apes involved with other language studies. Caregivers used spoken English and lexigrams to communicate with Panpanzee and Panbanisha and simultaneously encourage observational learning. This type of communication occurred throughout their daily routines. Caregivers consistently recorded any responses, such as “lexical utterances” and gestures. Spontaneity, imitation, or responses structured by caregivers were also noted. Around 256 lexigrams were available for Panpanzee and Panbanisha’s use.

Results
Although both primates touched lexigrams with either their hands or mouths in their early years, these were not considered to be “words” as the communication did not appear to be intentional or used regularly. Panbanisha began using lexical communication nearly a year before Panpanzee, who appeared to prefer gestures as means of communication.

In general, Panbanisha demonstrated the ability to learn a language more readily than Panpanzee, even though both were reared in the same environment. Panpanzee’s use of lexigrams conveyed the impression that she was simply compromising with the lexicon provided to her, while Panbanisha instead learned to combine the lexigrams to communicate more specific meanings or abstract messages. Using this information in comparison with other ape language acquisition studies, such as development observed in Kanzi the bonobo, Savage-Rumbaugh and her team speculate that early interaction with apes in language-ridden human environments appears to facilitate learning in apes. Bonobos especially seem to have greater competence at grasping linguistics given that environment. These patterns, apparent among apes, suggests that there are differences between the species in regard to language acquisition.

Panpanzee’s first words
Panpanzee did not often initiate communication with her lexicon. Instead, she would use them primarily for confirmation by either imitating the caregiver’s lexigram in agreement or not imitating for disagreement. For example, when GO was used by a caregiver and Panpanzee imitated GO, she would prepare to leave the room, such as by climbing onto the caregiver’s shoulder or walking toward the door. If GO was not imitated, she would be avoidant or attempt to go in another direction as if she did not like the suggested plan. The only lexigram Panpanzee used during this time was TICKLE, which was spontaneous and minimal. In the autumn of 1987, Panpanzee began to use her lexicon in an increasing manner, almost as if a new understanding had materialized. By November that year, TICKLE, GO, SURPRISE, CHASE, BITE, and OPEN were used regularly.

Panbanisha’s first words
Panbanisha’s first lexical entries included BLACKBERRY and MILK. Caregivers found that both apes favored blackberries, so by nine and a half months of age, Panbanisha began to touch BLACKBERRY with deliberateness. However, her intent when using the symbol was questionable because it was used in several different contexts and without eye contact for the majority of instances. It was sometimes described as if she was just looking at the symbol or talking to herself. Later, after more symbols had been introduced to her, BLACKBERRY was used with eye contact and with apparent communicative intent. The symbol, MILK, was given to Panbanisha many weeks after BLACKBERRY. MILK was different from BLACKBERRY from the start, as she immediately began to use it meaningfully and with eye contact. Since she found comfort and safety in having warm milk, MILK appeared to be used as more of a catch-all symbol representing her well-being and feelings of security.