User:Widrickm/organophosphate poisoning

Introduction:

 * Define Organophosphate poisoning- information from original stub
 * Prevalence
 * Between 750,000 and 3,000,000 human intoxication per year


 * Discuss main targets of OP compounds, which are AChE and BChE
 * Will include information from original stub
 * OPs phosphorylate the serine hydroxyl on AChE
 * Only can be reactivated very slowly, if at all

Examples:

 * Will include information from the original stub

Diagnosis:

 * Determine AChE and BChE levels in blood and plasma
 * Fast initial screening
 * Qualitative analysis of nerve agents in blood using mass spectrometric methods
 * Use protein adducts
 * Extends time interval after exposure for diagnosis

Health Effects:

 * Will include information from the original stub
 * Symptoms associated with accumulation of ACh at motor nerves
 * Symptoms associated with accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia
 * Symptoms associated with accumulation of ACh at muscarinic receptors
 * Central Nervous System Effects

PON1 Influence:

 * Chlorpyrifos in rat experiments
 * Affects number of brains cells in parts not only associated with ACh activity in newborn rats
 * When the dose is given later in life it only affects the parts of brain where ACh is necessary
 * Neurodevelopment and Growth Effects
 * Neurobehavioral effects on maize performance, locomotion, and balance in neonates
 * Decreased birth weight and alter growth in newborns
 * Affect on the cholinergic system of fetuses

Treatment:

 * Will include information from the original stub
 * Antidotes, 2 types
 * Reactivators of phosphorylated cholinesterase
 * Atropine with more information than in original stub
 * Class III anti-arrhythmic agents
 * Block two potassium membrane currents in cardiac cells
 * Potential candidate for therapeutics of OP poisoning

Ginger Jake:

 * Will include information from original stub

Government Review:

 * Will include information from original stub

Gulf War Syndrome
Research has linked the neurological abnormalities found in Persian Gulf War veterans, who suffer from Gulf War syndrome, to exposure to wartime combinations of organophosphate chemical nerve agents. Before, it was believed that veterans were suffering from a psychologically based disorder or depression, most likely post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many veterans were given pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills to protect against nerve gas agents such as sarin and soman. During the war veterans were exposed to combination's of organophosphate nerve agents, which produced symptoms associated with chronic organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP)syndrome. Similar symptoms found in the veterans were the same symptoms reported for individuals in occupational settings who were acutely poisoned by organohosphates, such as chlorpyrifos. Studies found veterans experienced deficits in intellectual and academic abilities, simple motor skills, memory impairment, and impaired emotional function. These symptoms indicate brain damage, not a psychologically based disorder.

Jim Horn, Robert W. Haley, Thomas L. Kurt Neuropsychological Correlates of Gulf War Syndrome 1997 National Academy of Neuropyschology Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Vol 12, No 6, p 531-544

Journal of the American Medical Association Volume 277, Issue 3, 15 January 1997, Pages 231-237 Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War: A cross-sectional epidemiologic study Haley, R.W.a b, Kurt, T.L.a Correspondence address

J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 Sep;15(5):717-29. Epub 2009 Jul 29. Neuropsychological functioning of U.S. Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war. Toomey R, Alpern R, Vasterling JJ, Baker DG, Reda DJ, Lyons MJ, Henderson WG, Kang HK, Eisen SA, Murphy FM.

Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds 2006, Pages 69-78 doi:10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50007-7 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Chapter 6 - Organophosphates and the Gulfnext termprevious termWarnext termprevious termSyndromenext term Linda A. McCauleya

Organophosphate Pesticides Reports:

 * Will include information from original stub

References:

 * 1) Balali-Mood, M., & Shariat, M. (1998). Treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Experience of nerve agents and acute pesticide poisoning on the effects of oximes.  Journal of Physiology, 92, 375-378.
 * 2) Eskenazi, B., Bradman, A., & Castorina, R. (1999). Exposures of Children to Organophosphate Pesticides and Their Potential Adverse Health Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 409-419.
 * 3) Jokanovic, M., & Kosanovic, M. (2010). Neurotoxic effects in patients poisoned with organophosphorous pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 29, 195-201.
 * 4) Liebson, T., & Lifshitz, M. (2008). Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning: Review of the Current Literature and Summary of Clinical and Laboratory Experience in Southern Israel. Toxicology, 10, 767-770.
 * 5) Midtling, J.E., Barnett, P.G., Coye, M.J., Velasco, A.R., Romero, P., Clements, C.L., . . .Monsson, I.H. (1985). Clinical Management of Field Worker Organophosphate Poisoning. Western Journal of Medicine, 142, 514-518.
 * 6) Peiris-John, R.J., & Wickremasinghe, R. (2008). Impact of low-level exposure to organophosphates on human reproduction and survival. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102, 239-245.
 * 7) Thiermann, H., Szinicz, L., Eyer, P. Felgenhauer, N., Zilker, T., & Worek, F. (2007). Lessons to be learnt from organophosphorus pesticide poisoning for the treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Toxicology, 233, 145-154.
 * 8) Worek, F., Koller, M., Thiermann, H., & Szinicz, L. (2005). Diagnostic aspects of organophosphate poisoning. Toxicology, 214, 182-189.
 * 9) Zoltani, C.K., & Basking, S.I. (2002).  Organophosphate Caused Cardia Toxicity: Action Potential Dynamics in Atrial Tissue. Army Research Laboratory, 1-15.