User:Wikibadgyal22/sandbox

Topic Paragraph

I have chosen to write about indigenous environmental education in Madagascar because I feel that the topic is vitally important. Madagascar is currently on the brink of a climate-induced famine. It is one of the poorest countries in the world while also being one of the most ecologically diverse. As a result I feel strongly that the discussion and development of conservation tactics with the incorporation of indigenous knowledge is necessary in order to create a symbiotic relationship between the development of the country along with the conservation of its unique natural resources and landscape.

Annotated Bibliography

1. NESTEROVA, Y. (2020), Rethinking Environmental Education with the Help of Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 54: 1047-1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12471

This author argues that Indigenous rights in Madagascar have been abused and their knowledge has been disregarded, thus restricting their opportunities to lead a sustainable life. The author argues that exposure to Indigenous knowledge can challenge anthropocentric approaches to engaging and learning that is prevalent in the dominant Western world.

2. Emoff, Ron. (2020). Spitting into the Wind: Multi-edged Environmentalism in Malagasy Song. 10.4324/9781003085751-3.

This author discusses how the environment has become a supra-human domain from which Indigenous Malagasy peoples are defaced and dislocated, being seen as the primary threat to it. They describe how environmentalist reasoning can often be paternalist, and even comparable to colonist thinking.

3. Randrup, C.M. (2010). Evaluating the Effects of Colonialism on Deforestation in Madagascar: A Social and Environmental History.

This author considers the consequences of the loss of auxiliary forest resources on local communities' bonds with the forests as a result of French colonial economic practices in Madagascar. They also discuss attempts by the French to legislate forest usage and how it sought to alienate and disempower local communities and demonise their practices.

4. Raik, Daniela. (2007). Forest Management in Madagascar: An Historical Overview. Madagascar Conservation & Development. 2. 10.4314/mcd.v2i1.44123.

This author looks at how the forests have been managed historically in Madagascar and how it is dealt with differently today, taking into consideration the impacts of conservationist efforts on local people as well as the local environment.

5. Clark, M. (2012). Deforestation in Madagascar: Consequences of Population Growth and Unsustainable Agricultural Processes.

This author argues in against Malagasy Indigenous agricultural processes such as slash-and-burn tactics, placing the cause of deforestation in Madagascar in the Malagasy farmers that burn pastures. They then discuss how this agricultural process is self-destructive to the farmers as they deal with the consequences in the long-run. This article echoes conservationist rhetoric surrounding the loss of Madagascar's forests.