User:Wikidea/History, philosophy and law sources

Sources on history, philosophy and law are listed here.


 * FW Maitland, "Such is the unity of all history that any one who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web."

Greece

 * Trial of Socrates and Socrates (469BC-399BC)
 * Plato (428BC-348BC) and Xenophon's version; Aristophanes and The Clouds
 * Herodotus (484BC-425BC) the "father of history" and The Histories, with Persian autocracy and Greek democracy
 * Thales and ancient philosophy; Pythagoras; Democritus (460BC-370BC) and atoms
 * Pericles (495-429BC) and his funeral oration, recorded by Thuycidides in the History of the Peloponnesian War
 * Sophocles (496-406BC), Antigone (442BC) natural law, civil disobedience
 * Plato's Crito


 * Plato's The Republic - and previous legal systems, eg Codex Hammurabi
 * Philosopher King and quis custodiet ipsos custodes
 * The Laws and "what is law"? Also, terminological inexactitude, "In this discordant and inconsistent fashion does the language of the many rend asunder the honourable and just." [In this discordant and inconsistent fashion does the language of the many rend asunder the honourable and just. Book 9, 860]
 * AN Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929) "The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."


 * Aristotle (384-322BC), Nicomachean Ethics, on the origins of equity and the distinction to law and 1132a-1132b, saying the purpose of justice is to maintain an equilibrium of goods among members of society.
 * The Politics, on forms of government and the profit motive
 * 'Rhetoric (Aristotle)'' (305BC)
 * Alexander the Great (356 BC-323 BC, reigned 336BC-323BC)
 * Stoicism and Hedonism
 * Epicurus (341-270BC) pleasure and pain

Rome



 * Roman Republic (509 BC - 27 BC), Twelve Tables (450 BC), Roman law and Roman constitution (which governed all of Europe; the Pyrrhic Victory (280BC), Punic wars (264BC-146BC)
 * Cicero (106BC-43BC), Writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero and De Legibus


 * Julius Caesar (100BC-44BC), Mark Anthony
 * Virgil (90BC-17BC)
 * List of Asterix volumes


 * Augustus (63BC-14AD) and the Roman Empire
 * Tiberius (42BC-37AD), Caligula, Claudius (10BC-54AD) and Nero (35-68) and Great Fire of Rome (64)
 * Seneca the Elder (54BC-39AD) Seneca the Younger (4BC-65AD)
 * Pliny the Elder (23-79)
 * Tacitus (56-117)


 * Pax Romana and Five Good Emperors - Nerva (30-98), Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and...
 * Marcus Aurelius (121-180), Meditations
 * See map and Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, Book I, Chapter 10
 * Epictetus (55-135) and determinism


 * Gaius (130-180), Lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit (Institutiones 1.2.3)
 * Law of Citations and Theodosius II in 426
 * Papinian (142-212), Ulpian (d 228, Jus est ars boni et aequi), Paulus (d ca 240) and Modestinus (d ca 250)

Decline and darkness



 * Trial of Jesus (33AD),, , and  in the late first century onwards.
 * St Peter's execution in 64AD


 * Diocletian (244-311, reigned 284-286, 305)
 * Constantine I (282-337), Christianity and the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD
 * Old Saint Peter's Basilica (326AD)


 * St Augustine of Hippo and The City of God (ca 410 AD), explaining pursuit of virtue in the afterlife; and the concept of a just war (recognisable goal, proportionate) shortly after the sack of Rome (410) and the fall of the Western Empire in 476.


 * Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis (529) and Institutes
 * Hagia Sophia (532AD) and from 529AD, closing the philosophy schools as pagan and contrary to Christianity


 * History of the Roman Catholic Church and Augustine of Canterbury (530-604)
 * Heraclius adopts Greek as the first language for the Byzantine Empire in 610 and the Dark Ages ensue
 * Muhammad (570-632) sees the Angel Gabriel in 610, beginning the revelation of the Qu'ran
 * Charlemagne, crowned by Pope Leo III in 800


 * Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776, 1906 edn)

High Middle Ages

 * William the Conqueror (1066), the Domesday book and the common law
 * Thomas Becket (1118-1170)


 * Crusades (1095-1272)
 * the Third Crusade (1187-1192) and King Richard I and the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade (1204)
 * Magna Carta (1215), clause 61 and constitutional government, John of England's signing under duress absolved by Pope Innocent III.
 * the law of trusts and the Lord Chancellor under King Edward I from 1280
 * Lord Mayor of the City of London (elected from 1215), Sir Richard Whittington (ca 1354–1423), Dick Whittington and His Cat, Worshipful Company of Mercers and Livery Companies and usury


 * Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1274) and the lex mercatoria
 * A just price, good faith, etc
 * Dante (1265-1321), Divine Comedy


 * Venetian Republic and Marco Polo (1254-1324)


 * Black Death, circa 1350
 * Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1385) and the General Prologue and The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale


 * Islamic jurisprudence and Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

Renaissance



 * Dante (1265-1321), Divina Comeedia (1308-1321)
 * Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) and humanism
 * Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi's competitive tender for the Baptistery bronze doors of Florence Cathedral (1401)


 * Reconquista 1238 and 1492
 * Hundred Years' War for the French Throne (1337 to 1453)


 * Fall of Constantinople (1453)
 * Isabella I of Castile, the Spanish Inquisition (1481)
 * Christopher Columbus sails to the New World (1492)
 * Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
 * Matteo Palmieri (1406–1475)


 * Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536), The Praise of Folly (1511) and Education of a Christian Prince (1516)
 * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)


 * Machiavelli, The Prince (1513, pub 1532)
 * Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516)


 * Martin Luther (1483-1546) nails demands to the door (1521)

Reformation

 * Trial of Sir Thomas More; by Henry VIII under Treason Act 1534 (1535) and Sir Thomas More (play) (1592)


 * Sir Anthony Fitzherbert (1470-1538), New Natura Brevium (1534)


 * William Shakespeare (1564-1616) and King Lear
 * John Donne (1572-1631) and Meditation XVII
 * Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and the Star Chamber (1500s-1641)


 * Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and trial by the Pope in the Roman Inquisition
 * Sir Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England (1620) and journey on The Mayflower
 * Dr. Bonham's Case (1610) William Aldred's Case (1610), Case of Sutton's Hospital (1612)
 * Gunpowder Plot (1605)


 * Thirty Years' War of the Holy Roman Empire and the Peace of Westphalia (1618-1648)


 * Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) De jure belli ac pacis (1631) and history of international law and unjust enrichment?
 * John Selden (1584-1654) "Equity is a roguish thing."


 * Descartes (1596-1650), who trained as a lawyer


 * High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I (1649)
 * English Civil War (1642), Cromwellian dictatorship (ending 1659)
 * John Milton (1608-1674), Areopagitica (1644) defending free expression and Paradise Lost (1667)
 * Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (book) (1651)
 * Charles II of England's Restoration and the Great Fire of London (1666) and Great Plague of London (1667)

Enlightenment



 * Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
 * Baruch Spinoza's On the Improvement of the Understanding (1662) and Political Essay (1677)


 * Bill of Rights 1689 and Habeas Corpus Act 1679
 * The Glorious Revolution (1688) and Parliamentary sovereignty
 * John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
 * The problem of non-existent rights when too much discretion is given to the sovereign.
 * Education Act 1696


 * Lord Holt CJ, Turberville v Stampe (1697) 91 ER 1072 (nuisance and vicarious liability), Ashby v White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938 (the right to vote) and Smith v Gould (1705-07) 2 Salk 666 (antagonism to slavery)
 * Act of Union (1707) and Queen Anne's last attempt to interfere with Parliament (1710)


 * South Sea Bubble (1719) and Keech v Sandford (1726) 25 ER 223


 * Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Strange 505


 * Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal (1729) here, cf utilitarianism!
 * David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740) and is-ought problem


 * Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des Lois (1748)
 * Jean Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract
 * Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)


 * Lord Camden and Entick v Carrington (1765) 95 ER 107
 * William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765)
 * ...but keep in mind, colonialism and Doctrine of reception or terra nullius''


 * Lord Mansfield, Pillans v Van Mierop (consideration), Carter v Boehm (good faith) and Somersett's Case (1772) (slavery)
 * William Wilberforce (1759-1833)
 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

Revolution

 * Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution


 * US Declaration of Independence (1776)
 * Pitt the Elder, John Wilkes speeches; George III of England


 * Immanuel Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1786) and Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1787) and Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 42


 * French Revolution (1791) and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (incl progressive income tax)
 * Tom Paine, The Rights of Man (1791)
 * Jeremy Bentham, Fragment on Government (1776), Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780) and Anarchical Fallacies (1791)


 * Industrial Revolution
 * Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776) - emphasising economic thinking toward laws

A dwelling-house, as such, contributes nothing to the revenue of its inhabitant,” Smith said in The Wealth of Nations. “If it is lett [sic] to a tenant for rent, as the house itself can produce nothing, the tenant must always pay the rent out of some other revenue.” Therefore Smith concluded that, although a house can make money for its owner if it is rented, “the revenue of the whole body of the people can never be in the smallest degree increased by it.


 * Marbury v Madison (1810) and the US Constitution

Great Britain

 * British Empire and Queen Victoria
 * John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined and the University of London


 * David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) and *Thomas Malthus, Essay On Population
 * Corn laws and free trade
 * Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities


 * John Stuart Mill
 * Felicific calculus, utilitarianism and happiness
 * Principles of Political Economy (1848) and Utilitarianism (1863), Considerations on Representative Government (1861), Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865), The Subjection of Women (1869) and Chapters on Socialism
 * On Liberty (1859)
 * Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (1859)


 * Winterbottom v Wright, Rylands v Fletcher, Bamford v Turnley
 * Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 and history of company law
 * Foss v Harbottle, Salomon v A Solomon & Co Ltd
 * Freedom of contract, property and the right to vote
 * Hadley v Baxendale, Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co and Herbert Asquith
 * Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning (1842) and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1803)

Europe

 * Code Napoleon
 * Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779-1861) Das Recht des Besitzes (1803), System des heutigen Römischen Rechts and the University of Berlin (1810)


 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Philosophy of Right (1821)
 * Arthur Schopenhauer, The Art of Being Right (1831)


 * Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), Zur Genealogie der Moral, Second Essay
 * Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Otto von Bismarck and the Second Reich (1871)
 * Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus (1905), Politik als Beruf (1919) and Economy and Society

America

 * Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835)


 * Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War (1865)
 * Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)


 * Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law and The Path of the Law (1897) 10 Harvard Law Review 457


 * History of competition law and antitrust and the Sherman Act


 * Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays (1919)

Socialism

 * Robert Owen (1771-1858) and A New View Of Society (1813)


 * Revolutions of 1848
 * Karl Marx, Das Kapital (1867), On the Jewish Question
 * Communist Manifesto (1848) whose ten demands were, free primary education, progressive income tax, inheritance tax, government provided transport and communication, nationalisation of banks, a government agricultural plan, (and more radically) a duty of everyone to work, gradually nationalising industry, abolishing private property in land, confiscating emigrants' and rebels' property and distributing the population equally across the country.
 * Chartism
 * Pierre Proudhon, What Is Property? (1840)
 * Income Tax Act 1842


 * Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, Ancient Law (1864) and the move from status to contract
 * Second Reform Act 1867 debates (1867) and history of democracy
 * Elementary Education Act 1870


 * Albert Venn Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885)
 * FW Maitland and Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet, History of English Law before the Time of Edward I
 * Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949


 * Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb, History of Trade Unionism (1894) and Industrial Democracy (1897)
 * Trade Union Act 1871, Trade Disputes Act 1906 and the history of labour law
 * Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] AC 426


 * Pensions and the National Insurance Act 1911, unemployment benefits.
 * Clayton Act of 1914


 * Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Theory of Relativity (1905)

Apocalypse

 * World War One
 * Russian Revolution (1917) and Lenin


 * International Labour Organisation (1919), the League of Nations, and a new kind of constitutional law
 * Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George


 * Great Depression, New Deal
 * John Maynard Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)


 * Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 and consumer protection


 * Adolf Berle, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932)


 * Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law (1934)
 * Adolf Hitler, Nuremberg Trials and Stalin

Language games

 * Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy and positivism
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (1953)


 * Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law (1964)
 * HLA Hart's The Concept of Law (1961) and the Hart-Fuller debate (1958)
 * Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (1985) a student of both Fuller and Hart.
 * Joseph Raz', Ethics in the Public Domain

Post War political philosophy

 * Soviet Union and United States of America, communism and capitalism
 * Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1943)
 * Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)
 * Isaiah Berlin, 'Two Concepts of Liberty' (1958)


 * Welfare State, Beveridge Report


 * John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971) and Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1972)
 * Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (1977)
 * Brown v Board of Education, Roe v Wade, Buckley v Valeo, Bush v Gore
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Malcolm X at the Oxford Union debate
 * South Africa and apartheid


 * John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights
 * Joseph Raz, Authority of Law (1979)


 * Jürgen Habermas
 * Michel Foucault (on postmodernism)


 * Ronald Coase, Richard Posner, Paul Samuelson, Kenneth Arrow etc

The globalisation context

 * United Nations, International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank


 * John Maynard Keynes, World Trade Organisation
 * EU law and the Treaty of Rome (1952), Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1 and the common agricultural policy
 * European Convention on Human Rights


 * OPEC, Milton Friedman, Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan and the failure of Bretton Woods
 * Mitbestimmungsgesetz Urteil BVerGE 50, 290, Bullock Report (1977)
 * Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1, Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593


 * Amartya Sen, Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz


 * Cold War, Iron Curtain and Berlin Wall


 * Patrick Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (1979)
 * Where will things go next?