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Paolo Knill
Paolo Knill (born June 11, 1932) is a Swiss scientist, artist, and therapist. Knill was a professor at Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he helped to found their graduate program in Expressive Arts Therapy. In 1994, Knill founded the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland .

Life
Paolo Knill studied musicology at the University of Zurich from 1953 until 1958. During this time he also studied Aerodynamics and Structural Mechanics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. From 1959-1961 he studied Organizational Consulting and Management Consulting at MIT. In 1976 he received his doctorate in Psychology from Union Institute & University .

Between 1970 and 1975 Knill held assistant and guest professorships at the Conservatory of Winterthur and Zurich and at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. From 1976 until 1995, Knill was professor of Counseling Psychologies and Expressive Arts Therapies at Lesley University. He retains emeritus status as of 1995.

Knill received an honorary doctorate in musicology from the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in 2001.

Theoretical Work
Paolo Knill is a co-founder of the field of Expressive Arts Therapy. The discipline was developed in the United States during the 1970s as a practice and art based therapy. It is rooted in phenomenology, the deliberations of systems theory, and ideas of humanist psychology. The philosophy of the Expressive Arts program at Lesley, which Knill helped to found, “embraced an intermodal or interdisciplinary approach to the arts therapies” integrating “indigenous healing systems” along with “contemporary philosophical developments such as phenomenology, hermeneutics and […] deconstructionism”.

Knill introduced the method of "intermodal decentering" in the 1990s. This method is based upon systems theory. It leads the patient out of the constriction of thinking and acting tied to their problem and into a space of playful and artistic shape/form. This leeway allows for sensual experiences that are neither predictable nor intentional. The client can find "solution possibilities" in the concretely observable "here" and "now" of the artistic process. In this context, Knill developed a "theory of crystallization". According to him, this theory is based fundamentally upon the phenomenological premise that in artistic therapy, meaning arises exclusively from out of aesthetic material, through which therapist and client step to one another in relation.

In 1990 Knill introduced the concept of the ‘incommunicable third’ into scientific discourse in order to indicate that moment in which something new emerges abruptly or unforeseen from out of a therapeutic encounter.

Knill developed an artistic methodology for work with large communities following the methodology of Expressive Arts Therapy. He calls this methodology “community art”.

Institutions
In addition to developing the theoretical foundations of Expressive Arts Therapy, Knill has contributed to the foundation of several institutions dedicated to the field. Knill helped to found the Expressive Arts Therapy program at Lesley University in the 1970s. He founded the International School for Interdisciplinary Studies in Switzerland in 1984. The institution has training centers in Canada, Denmark, Germany and the United States. The Canadian branch has since been remained the CREATE Institute. In 1994, Knill founded the European Graduate School, a summer school, in Saas-Fee, Switzerland.

Titles in German

 * Ausdruckstherapie. Künstlerischer Ausdruck in Therapie und Erziehung als intermediale Methode. Halle: Ohlsen Verlag, 1979. ISBN 3-922169-12-0.


 * Medien in Therapie und Ausbildung. Bremen: Eres Verlag, 1983. ISBN 3922169163.


 * Kunstorientiertes Handeln in der Begleitung von Veränderungsprozessen. Zurich: EGIS Verlag, 2005. ISBN 3-905680-01-7.


 * Lösungskunst. Lehrbuch der kunst- und ressourcenorientierten Arbeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010. ISBN 978-3-525-40159-0.

Titles in English

 * Minstrels of the Soul, Intermodal Expressive Therapy. Toronto: Palmerston Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0968533031.


 * Principles and Practice of Expressive Arts Therapy, with Stephen and Ellen Levine. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2004. ISBN 978-1843100393.

History
The European Graduate School was founded in 1994 in Saas-Fee, Switzerland as a private “summer university”.

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History 2
The European Graduate School was founded in 1994 in Saas-Fee, Switzerland as a private “summer university”. Its founding rector is the Swiss scientist, artist, and therapist, Paolo Knill. EGS initially offered Masters programs in Expressive Arts Therapy and a Certificate of Advanced Graduate Studies. In 1996, it began offering PhDs in Expressive Arts Therapy. The early development of EGS was part of a broader initiative to develop a network of training institutes in Expressive Arts Therapy.

The PACT division of EGS was founded by Wolfgang Schirmacher. It was initially named the 'Media and Communications' division.

AHS 2
The Arts, Health, and Society division of EGS offers a Master of Arts (MA) with three different focuses: in "Expressive Arts Therapy with a Minor in Psychology", in "Expressive Arts Coaching and Consulting with the option of a concentration in Education or Special Education", and in "Expressive Arts Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding". They offer a "Certificate of Advanced Graduate Studies" (CAGS). The certificate program is a mandatory part of qualification for doctoral studies. It can also be taken alone as a continuing education certificate. AHS also offers a PhD in "Expressive Arts Therapy".

MA programs require three summer school sessions and the presentation of a written thesis. The PhD program requires two further years of summer sessions and a dissertation.

The AHS division of EGS has exchange agreements with the California Institute of Integral Studies and with Appalachian State University.

PACT2
Primarily from existing article.

The division of Philosophy, Art & Critical Thought focuses on socio-political, philosophical, and artistic inquiry. PACT offers a three-year MA program and four-year PhD program.

Faculty and guest lecturers give three- to six-day courses during four-week summer sessions. Students are obligated to attend six seminars of 18 hours each. Visiting lecturers also give one-off 'evening lectures'.

Studies involve two years of coursework, including rigorous online writing requirements based on a structured reading list, and two three-week summer seminars in Switzerland, during which students are evaluated for their active participation in nine hours of seminars and lectures each day with visiting professors, philosophers, filmmakers, and artists and spend their final three years writing a thesis or dissertation, followed by a traditional oral defense. Students remain in contact with the university either via the internet or through meetings of so-called "hubs". EGS "hubs" are “decentralized organization of the university arranged in cities where a significant number of EGS students live"

Visiting faculty have included Giorgio Agamben, Chantal Akerman, and Pierre Alféri.

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