User:WilliamThweatt/sandbox

សំពត់ អំបោះ ទូលាយ

Three syllables រតនា /ˌrea? ta? 'na:/ --> /ˌro tə 'na:/ gem, jewels, precious stones រដ្ធបាល កម្ពុជា

សំបុកចាប អំបិលម្ទេស អន្ទាក់រូត

Four syllables សីមារេខា​ /səi ˌma: rea? 'kha:/ boundary line សកម្មភាព រណូងរណាង

Five syllables មេឃវាហន /me: ˌkhea? viə ˌha? 'na?/ A name of Indra (lit. from Sanskrit "having clouds for a vehicle") រដ្ធប្បវេណី​ tradidions

INTONATION


 * ខ្ញុំមិនចង់បានទេ :
 * អ្នក់ចង់ទៅលេងសៀមរាបទេ :
 * សៀវភៅនេះថ្លៃណាស់ :

Peterson Thweatt
Peterson Thweatt was Comptroller General of the state of Georgia from 1854 to 1865 and served as the state agent for poor relief in the early years of Reconstruction (United States). As comptroller general, Thweatt showed unusual administrative ability which helped lead to the success of Georgia's revenue system in the 1850s. Under Thweatt's supervision, local tax officers were allowed more authority in the enforcement of tax laws which directly led to a large increase in the valuation of Georgia's property.

Khmer Grammar
nouns of agency

Syntax
Syntax is the rules and processes that describe how sentences are formed in a particular language, how words relate to each other within clauses or phrases and how those phrases relate to each other within a sentence to convey meaning. Khmer syntax is very analytic. Relationships between words and phrases are signified primarily by word order supplemented with auxiliary verbs and, particularly in formal and literary registers, grammatical marking particles. Grammatical phenomena such as negation and aspect are marked by particles while interrogative sentences are marked either by particles or interrogative words equivalent to English "wh-words".

A complete Khmer sentence consist of four basic elements which include an optional topic, an optional subject, an obligitory predicate and various adverbials and particles. The topic and subject are made up of noun phrases, predicates are verb phrases and another noun phrase acting as an object or verbal attribute often follows the predicate.

Basic constituent order
When combining these noun and verb phrases into a sentence the order is typically SVO:
 * ខ្ញុំឲ្យចេកមួយចំនួន (I give banana one bunch) 'I gave a bunch of bananas'

When both a direct object and indirect object are present without any grammatical markers, the preferred order is SV(DO)(IO). In such a case, if the direct object contains multiple components, the indirect object immediately follows the noun of the direct object and the direct object's modifiers follow the indirect object:
 * ខ្ញុំឲ្យចេកជ្រូកមួយចំនួន (I give banana pig one bunch) 'I gave the pig a bunch of bananas'

However, in spoken discourse OSV is possible when emphasizing the object in a topic-comment-like structure.
 * ទូកមួយគង់ប្រាំអង្គ (boat one sit five classifier for monks) 'In the boat there sit five monks'
 * វិជ្ជាចោរលួចមិនបាន (science thief steal NEG CMPL) 'Science, a thief can not steal'.

Noun phrase
The noun phrase in Khmer typically has the following structure:
 * Noun Phrase = (honorific) noun (adjectival modifiers) (numeral) (classifier) (demonstrative)

The elements in parentheses are optional. Honorifics are a class of words that serve to index the social status of the referent. Honorifics can be kinship terms or personal names, both of which are often used as first and second person pronouns, or specialized words such as /preah/ ('god') before royal and religious objects. The most common demonstratives are /nih/ ('this, these') and /nuh/ ('that, those'). /ae nuh/ ('those over there') has a more distal or vague connotation. If the noun phrase contains a possessive adjective, it follows the noun and precedes the numeral. If a descriptive attribute co-occurs with a possessive, the possessive construction (/rɔbɑh/) is expected.

Some examples of typical Khmer noun phrases are:

The Khmer particle /dɑː/ marked attributes in Old Khmer noun phrases and is used in formal and literary language to signify that what precedes is the noun and what follows is the attribute. Modern usage may carry the connotation of mild intensity.
 * វាលស្រែដ៏ល្វឹងល្វើយ (field paddy PART vast) '(very) expansive fields and paddies'.

Relative clauses introduced with /dael/
 * headless relative clauses are permitted
 * ta:m 0 dael ni'jiaj knong dambawn psee:ngpsee:ng
 * follow which say in region various
 * "according to that which/what is spoken in the various regions"

Subordinate clauses /ja:ng/ often signifies an adverbial clause of manner: Ko:n srej knjom iw: tae ta: M.awn aoj ckae child female my hear only elder M. give dog stuh mau:k tatual pi: koat ja:ng pranjap dart come receive from him kind quick "My daughter, hearing that he was giving her a dog, darted forth quickly to accept him"

Verb phrase
Khmer verbs are completely uninflected and once a subject or topic has been introduced or is clear from context it may be dropped. Thus, the simplest possible sentence in Khmer consists of a single verb. For example, /tɨw/ can mean "I'm going.", "He went.", "They've gone.", "Let's go.", etc. This also results in long strings of verbs such as:
 * /kʰɲom cɑng tɨw daə leːng/ (I to want to go to stroll) 'I want to go for a stroll'

Khmer uses three verbs for what translates into English as the copula. The general copula is /ciə/; it is used to convey identity with nominal predicates. For locative predicates, the copula is /nɨw/. The verb /miən/ is the "existential" copula meaning "there is" or "there exists".
 * ភាសាជាកាសំដែងចិត្តគំនិតគ្រាប់យាង (language be NOM express heart thought all kind) 'Language is the expression of all emotions and ideas'
 * វានៅជិតវត្ត (he is close temple) 'He is close to the temple'
 * មានផែនការ (exist plan) 'There is a plan'

Negation is achieved by putting មិន before the verb and the particle ទេ  at the end of the sentence or clause. In colloquial speech, verbs can also be negated without the need for a final particle, by placing ឥត before them.
 * ខ្ញុំជឿ ('I believe')
 * ខ្ញុំមិនជឿទេ ('I don't believe')
 * ខ្ញុំឥតជឿ ('I don't believe')

Past tense can be conveyed by adverbs, such as "yesterday" or by the use of perfective particles such as /haəj/
 * គាត់ទៅម្សិលមិញ 'He went yesterday.'
 * គាត់ទៅហើយ 'He left.' or 'He's already gone.'

Different senses of future action can also be expressed by the use of adverbs like "tomorrow" or by the future tense marker /nɨŋ/, which is placed immediately before the verb, or both:
 * ស្អែកខ្ញុំទៅសាលារៀន 'Tomorrow, I am going to school.'
 * ខ្ញុំនឹងទៅសាលារៀន 'I will go to school'
 * ស្អែកខ្ញុំនឹងទៅសាលារៀន 'Tomorrow, I will go to school'

Questions
There are three basic types of questions in Khmer. Questions requesting specific information use question words. Polar questions are indicated with interrogative particles, most commonly /teː/ a homonym of the negation particle. Tag questions are indicated with various particles and rising inflection. The SVO word order is generally not inverted for questions.


 * លោកទៅណា? (you go where) 'Where are you going?'
 * លោកស្ដាប់បានទេ? (you understand can INT PART) 'Can you understand?'
 * លោកទៅផ្សារហើយឬនៅ (you go store PERF or yet) 'Have you gone to the store yet?'

In more formal contexts and in polite speech, questions are also marked at their beginning by the particle /taə/.
 * តើលោកអញ្ជើញទៅណា? (INT PART you POLITE PART go where) 'Where are you going?'

Passive voice
Jacob states that Khmer does not have a passive voice, but there is a construction utilizing the main verb /trəw/ ("to hit", "to be correct", "to affect") as an auxiliary verb meaning "to be subject to" or "to undergo" which results in sentences that are translated to English using the passive voice.
 * ពីម្សិលមិញខ្ញុំត្រូវឆ្កែខាំ (yesterday I was subject to dog bite) 'Yesterday I was bitten by a dog.'

Lao reference

 * http://www.linguaakshara.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Lew_2013_A_linguistic_analysis_of_the_Lao_writing_system_-_authors_accepted_manuscript.358115935.pdf
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=ayUjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=estimate+of+Khmer+speakers&source=bl&ots=uz9gegDz81&sig=7vd_5wcj_w1HoGYnL3l0qPv4yYI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRhdjiiOPKAhVU8mMKHQa9DDUQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=estimate%20of%20Khmer%20speakers&f=false