User:William W Gates/sandbox

= W. Lawrence Gates = W. Lawrence (Larry) Gates (born September 14, 1928) is and American meteorologist who played and important role in developing weather prediction and is known for his efforts to improve understanding of climate change through comparison and documentation of climate model differences. He has been recognized for his early contributions to climate research at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the RAND Corporation, and Oregon State University (OSU). In 1989, he founded the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) which changed the international landscape of climate modeling for decades. The importance of model intercomparison is now broadly recognized as a cornerstone of climate model evaluation and error identification.

Contents:
Education

Career and research

Honors and awards

Publications

See Also

References

Education:
S.B.  (1950) - Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

S.M.  (1951) - Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sc.D. (1955) - Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Career and Research:
1950 -1953:   Teaching and Research Assistant, Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1953 - 1957:   Research Meteorologist and Director, Joint Geophysics Research Directorate-Air Weather Service Numerical Prediction Project, Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, Massachusetts.

1957 - 1959:  Assistant Professor, Department of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

1959 -1963: Associate Professor, Department of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

1963 -1964: Consulting Scientist, The Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford, Connecticut.

1964 - 1966: Acting Associate Professor, Department of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

1966 - 1970: Research Scientist, Department of Environmental Sciences, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

1970 - 1973: Senior Research Scientist, Department of Physical Sciences, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

1973 - 1976: Leader, Climate Dynamics Project and Director, Climate Program, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

1976  - 1989: (Founding) Director, Climatic Research Institute, Oregon State University,  Corvallis, Oregon.

1976 - 1989: Professor and Chairman, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

1989 - 2002:  (Founding) Director, Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.

2002 -  2004: Senior Scientist, Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, and Science Advisor, Energy and Environmental Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.

2004 - 2006:   Director, National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC), University of  California, Davis, California.

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.

1978                -           1981:                                       Member, Environmental Pollutant Movement and Transformation Committee,

Science

National

Honors and Awards:
Member and Fellow (1980), American Meteorological Society

Member and Fellow (1981), American Association for the Advancement of Science

Member, American Geophysical Union

Member, Japan Meteorological Society

Member, Royal Meteorological Society (Great Britain)

Member, European Geophysical Society

Member, The Society of Sigma Xi

Recipient, Sigma Xi Research Award, Oregon State University Chapter (1985)

Recipient, Exceptional Service Award, Office of Health and Environmental Research,

U.S. Department of Energy (1997).

Recipient, Appreciation Award, Office of Science. U.S. Department of Energy (2009).

Publications:
Publications in Reviewed Literature:

1953:   A method of numerical forecasting by juxtaposition of one-dimensional solutions, and its application to the equivalent-barotropic model, J. Meteor., 10, 149-159.

1956: Note on hemispheric numerical integration of the barotropic model, J. Meteor., 13, 59-63  (J.F. Blackburn and W. L. Gates).

1956: A test of numerical prediction methods based on the barotropic and two-parameter baroclinic models,J. Meteor., 13,127-141 (P.D. Thompson and W.L. Gates).

1957: A dynamical model for large-scale tropospheric and stratospheric motion, ''Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83'', 141-160.

1957: Hemispheric numerical forecasting with the barotropic model and some remarks on boundary-condition error, J. Meteor., 14, 332-342.

1959:   On the truncation error, stability, and convergence of difference solutions of the barotropic vorticity equation, J. Meteor., 16, 556-568.

1960:   Weather forecasting, letter to Editor, Science, 132, p. 305.

1960:    Note on the suppression of the oscillation (weak stability) of first-forward-then centered  time differences in numerical integration, J. Meteor., 17, 572-574.

1961:  The reduction of truncation error by extrapolation techniques, ''Mon. Wea. Rev., 89'', 115-124.

1961:   Static stability measures in the atmosphere, J. Meteor., 18, 526-533.

1961: The distortion of baroclinic instability criteria by finite differences, J. Meteor., 18, 697-700.

1961:   Preliminary analysis of a model of self-determining static stability, ''Proc. Internat. Symp. Wea. Pred.'', Tokyo, Japan, 7-13 November 1960, pp. 213-218.

1961:   The stability properties and energy transformations of the two-layer model of variable static stability, Tellus, 13, 460-471.

1962:   A study of numerical errors in the integration of barotropic flow on a spherical grid, ''J. Geophys. Res., 67'', 773-784 (W.L. Gates and C.A. Riegel).

1963:   Comparative numerical integration of simple atmospheric models on a spherical grid,Tellus, 15, 406-423 (W.L. Gates and C.A. Riegel).

1963:    A note on finite-difference influence functions and the progagation of discrete error, ''J. Atmos. Sci., 20'', 339-342.

1966:    On the dynamical formulation of the large-scale momentum exchange between atmosphere and ocean, J. Mar. Res., 24, 105-112.

1968:   A numerical study of transient Rossby waves in a wind-driven homogeneous ocean. ''J. Atmos. Sci., 25'', 3-22.

1969:  The Ekman vertical velocity in an enclosed β-plane ocean, J. Mar. Res., 27, 99-120.

1970:  The effects of western coastal orientation on Rossby wave reflection and the resulting large-scale oceanic circulation, ''J. Geophys. Res., 75'', 4105-4120.

1972:  On the Reynolds stress and lateral eddy viscosity due to transient oceanic Rossby waves,''Pure and Appl. Geophys., 96'', 217-227.

1972: Numerical studies of transient planetary circulations in a wind-driven homogeneous ocean,''Pure and Appl. Geophys., 99'', 169-200.

1973:  Analysis of the mean forcing fields simulated by the two-level Mintz-Arakawa atmospheric Model,''Mon. Wea. Rev., 101'', 412-425.

1974:  The effect of time averaging on the noise level of climatological  statistics generated byatmospheric general circulation models, ''J. Atmos. Sci., 31'', 2216-2219 (R. M. Chervin, W.L. Gates and S.H. Schneider).

1975:  The simulation of the Arctic climate with a global general circulation model, Climate of he Arctic, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, pp. 132-142.

1975:    Climatic change, ''Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., 13'', 726-731 (W.L. Gates and J. Imbrie).

1975:  The January global climate simulated by a two-level general circulation model: A comparison with observation, ''J. Atmos. Sci., 32'', 449-477.

1975:  Numerical Modelling of climatic change: A review of problems and prospects, ''Proc. WMO/IAMAP symposium on Long-term Climatic Fluctuations'', Norwich, England,  18-23 August 1975, WMO No. 421, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 343-354.

1976:   Modelling the ice-age climate, Science, 191, 1138-1141.

1976: An essay on climate dynamics, ''Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57'', 542-547.

1976: The numerical simulation of ice-age climate with a global general circulation model, ''J. Atmos. Sci., 33'', 1844-1873.

1977:  Numerical simulation of the January and July global climate with a two-level atmospheric model,''J. Atmos. Sci., 34'', 36-76 (W.L. Gates and M.E. Schlesinger).

1978:   Book review (Climatic Change, J. Gribbin, (ed.), Cambridge, 1978),''Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59'', 1345-1348.

1978:                                       Climatic variations – past, present and future, ''Proc. Oregon Acad. Science, 14'', 8-21.

1979:                                       The effect of the ocean on the atmospheric general circulation, ''Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3'',

95-109.

1979:                                       Climate studies – a plan for action, ''Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., 17'', 1799-1802.

1980:                                       Polar atmosphere-ice-ocean processes: A review of polar problems in climate research,

''Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18'', 515-543 (with the Polar Group).

7.                     Publications in Reviewed Literature:   (Cont.)

1980:                                       Climate theories, in Prospects for Man: Climate Change, J.R. Miller (ed.), York University,

Toronto, pp. 79-106.

1980:                                       Modelling the surface temperature due to increased atmospheric CO2, in Interactions of

                                                                                                                                   Energy and Climate, W. Bach, J. Pankrath and J. Williams (eds.) Reidel, Dordrecht,

pp. 169-190.

1980:                                       The January and July performance of the OSU two-level atmospheric general circulation                                                                                                                                                                                     model, ''J. Atmos. Sci., 37'', 1914-1943 (M.E. Schlesinger and W.L. Gates).

1981:                                       The climate system and its portrayal by climate models: A review of basic principles. 1.

The physical basis of climate; II. Modelling of climatic changes, in Climatic variations and

                                                                                                                                   Variability: Facts and Theories, A. Berger (ed.), Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 3-19, 435-459.

1981:                                       Preliminary analysis of experiments on the climatic effects of increased CO2with an

atmospheric general circulation model and a climatological ocean, ''J. Geophys. Res., 86'',

6385-6393 (W.L. Gates, K.H. Cook and M.E. Schlesinger).

1982:                                       Paleoclimatic Modeling – A review with reference to problems and prospects for the

pre-Pleistocene, in Climate in Earth History, Studies in Geophysics, National Academy Press,

Washington, D.C., pp. 26-42.

1983:                                       Detection and monitoring of CO2-induced climate changes, in Changing Climate, National                                                                                                                                                                                    Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 292-382 (G. Weller, D.J. Baker, Jr., W.L. Gates,

M.C. MacCracken, S. Manabe and T.H. Vonder Haar).

1983:                                       The effects of mountains on the atmospheric general circulation and climate, in Proc.

                                                                                                                                   First Sino-American Workshop on Mountain Meteorology(E.R. Reiter, Zhu Baozhen and

Qian Yongfu, eds.), Science Press, Beijing, and American Meteorological Society, Boston,

pp. 135-173.

1984:                                       The balance of kinetic and total energy simulated by the OSU two-level atmospheric general

circulation model for January and July, ''Mon. Wea. Rev''., 112, 873-892,

(J.-T. Wang, J.-W. Kim and W.L. Gates).

1984:                                       A preliminary intercomparison of the seasonal response of two atmospheric climate models,

''Mon. Wea. Rev., 112'', 909-917 (G.L. Potter and W.L. Gates).

1984:                                       The statistical problem of climate inversion: Determination of the relationship between local

and large-scale climate, ''Mon. Wea. Rev., 112'', 2069-2077 (J.-W. Kim, J.-T. Chang,

N.L. Baker, D.S. Wilks and W.L. Gates).

1985:                                       The use of general circulation models in the analysis of the ecosystem impacts of climatic

change,Climatic Change, 7, 267-284.

1985:                                       The global climate simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model:

Preliminary results, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models(J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed.) Elsevier,

Amsterdam, pp. 131-151 (W.L. Gates, Y.-J. Han and M.E. Schlesinger).

1985:                                       An analysis of the air-sea-ice interaction simulated by the OSU coupled atmosphere-ocean

general circulation model, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models(J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed.),

Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 167-182 (Y.-J. Han, M.E. Schlesinger and W.L. Gates).

1985:                                       The role of the ocean in CO2- induced climate change: Preliminary results from the OSU

coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models

(J.C.J. Nihoul, Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 447-478 (M.E. Schlesinger, W.L. Gates and

Y.-J. Han).

7.                     Publications in Reviewed Literature:   (Cont.)

1985:                                       The climatic effects of large injections of atmospheric smoke and dust: A study of climate

feedback mechanisms with one-and three-dimensional climate models, J. Geophys.

                                                                                                                                   Res., 90, 12937-12950 (R.D. Cess, G.L. Potter, S.J. Ghan and W.L. Gates).

1987:                                       Problems and prospects in climate modeling. In Towards Understanding Climate Change:

                                                                                                                                   The J.O. Fletcher Lecture on Problems and Prospects of Climate Analysis and Forecasting

(U. Radok, Ed.), Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 5-33.

1987:                                       Southern Oscillation simulated in a global climate model, Nature, 329, 140-142,

(K.R. Sperber, S. Hameed, W.L. Gates and G.L. Potter).

1988:                                       Climate and the climate system. In Physically-based Modelling and Simulation of Climate

and Climate Change (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice,

11-23  May 1986), vol. 2 (M.E. Schlesinger, ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 1009-1051.

1990:                                       Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in eighteen atmospheric

general circulation models. ''J. Geophys. Res., 95'', 16601-16616 (R.D. Cess, G.L. Potter,

J.P. Blanchet, G.J. Boer, A.D. DelGenio, M. Déqué, V. Dymnikov, V. Galin, W.L. Gates,

S.J. Ghan, J.T. Kiehl, A.A. Lacis, H. LeTreut, Z.-X. Li, X.-Z. Liang, B.J. Mc Avaney,

V.P. Meleshko, J.F.B. Mitchell, J.-J. Morcrette, D.A. Randall, L. Rikus, E. Roeckner,

J.F. Royer, U. Schlese, D.A. Sheinin, A. Slingo, A.P. Sokolov, K.E. Taylor,

W.M. Washington, R.T. Wetherald, I. Yagai and M.-H. Zhang).

1990:                                       Validation of climate models, in Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment(Report

of Working Group 1, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological                                                                                                                                                                                                    Organization and United Nations Environment Programme) (J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins

and J.J. Ephraums, eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 96-130 (W.L. Gates,

P.R. Rowntree and Q.-C. Zeng).

1991:                                       The quest for reliable regional scenarios of climate change. In Global Climate Change and

                                                                                                                                   California(J.B. Knox, ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 58-68.

1992:                                       Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models, Climate Dynamics, 7, 73-104

(J.D. Neelin, M. Latif, M.A.F. Allaart, M.A. Cane, U. Cubasch, W.L. Gates, P.R. Gent, M. Ghil,

C. Gordon, N.C. Lau, C.R. Mechoso, G.A. Meehl, J.M. Oberhuber, S.G.H. Philander,

P.S. Schopf, K.R. Sperber, A. Sterl, T. Tokioka, J. Tribbia and S.E. Zebiak).

1992:                                       Surface currents and equatorial thermocline in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM,

Climate Dynamics, 7, 121-131 (K.R. Sperber, S. Hameed and W.L. Gates).

1992:                                       Climate Modeling, climate prediction and model validation, in Climate Change 1992:

                                                                                                                                   The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Working Group 1,

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization and

United Nations Environment Programme (J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callander and

S.K. Varney, eds.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 97-134 (W.L. Gates, J.F.B. Mitchell,

G.J. Boer, U. Cabasch and V.P. Meleshko).

1992:                                       Climate modelling,Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization, 41, 413-420.

1992:                                       Some results from an intercomparison of the climates simulated by 14 atmospheric general

circulation models, ''J. Geophys. Res''., 97, 12771-12786 (G.J. Boer, K. Arpe, M. Blackburn,

M. Déqué, W.L. Gates, T.L. Hart, H. Le Treut, E. Roeckner, D.A. Sheinin, I. Simmonds,

R.N.B. Smith, T. Tokioka, R.T. Wetherald and D. Williamson).

1992:                                       Comparison of general ciculation models to Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data:

Computation of clear-sky fluxes, ''J. Geophys. Res''.,97, 20421-20426 (R.D. Cess, G.L. Potter,

W.L. Gates, J.-J. Morcrette and L. Corsetti).

1992:                                       The effects of sampling frequency on the climate statistics of the ECMWF general

circulation model, ''J. Geophys. Res''., 97(D), 20427-20436 (T.J. Phillips, W.L. Gates and

K. Arpe).

1992:                                       AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, ''Bulletin Amer. Meteor. Soc''., 73,

1962-1970.

1993:                                       The validation of atmospheric models. In Climate, Environment and Geophysical Fluid

                                                                                                                                   Dynamics(D. Ye, G. Wu, Q. Zeng and Z. Zhang, eds.), China Meteorological Press,

Beijing, pp. 18-26.

1993:                                       Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models.

Science, 262, 1252-1255 (R.D. Cess, M.-H. Zhang, G.L. Potter, H.W. Barker, R.A. Colman,

D.A. Dazlich, A.D. Del Genio, M. Esch, J.R. Fraser, V. Galin, W.L. Gates, J.J. Hack,

W.J. Ingram, J.T. Kiehl, A.A. Lacis, H. LeTreut, Z.-X. Li, X.-Z. Liang, J.-F. Mahfouf,

B.J. McAvaney, V.P. Meleshko, J.-J. Morcrette, D.A. Randall, E. Roeckner, J.-F. Royer,

A.P. Sokolov, P.V. Sporyshev, K.E. Taylor, W.-C. Wang and R.T. Wetherald).

1994:                                       Climate models and model evaluation. In Global Climate Change: Science, Policy and                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Mitigation Strategies(C.V. Mathai and G. Stensland, eds.), Air and Waste Management

Assoc., Pittsburgh, pp. 54-56.

1995:                                       Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-499

(R.D. Cess, M.H. Zhang, P. Minnis, L. Corsetti, E.G. Dutton, B.W. Forgan, D.P. Garber,

W.L. Gates, J.J. Hack, E.F. Harrison, X. Jing, J.T. Kiehl, C.N. Long, J.-J. Morette,

G.L. Potter, V. Ramanathan, B. Subasilar, C.H. Withlock, D.F. Young and Y. Zhou).

1995:                                       The validation of atmospheric models. In Global Change, Proceedings of the First Demetra                                                                                                                                                                      Conference (28-31 October 1991), A. Speranza, S. Tibaldi and R. Fantechi (eds.),

European Commission, Brussels, pp. 218-232.

1996:                                       Climate models – evaluation. In Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change.

The Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge

University Press (J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg

and K. Maskell, eds.), pp. 229-284 (W.L. Gates, A. Henderson-Sellers, G.L. Boer,

C.K. Folland, A. Kitoh, B.J. McAvaney, F. Semazzi, N. Smith, A.J. Weaver and Q.-C. Zeng).

1996:  Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update. ''J. Geophys. Res''.,101, 12791-12794 (R.D. Cess, M.H. Zhang, W.J. Ingram, G.L. Potter, V. Alekseev, H.W. Barker, E. Cohen-Solal, R.A. Colman, D.A. Dazlich, A.D. Del Genio, M.R. Dix,V. Dymnikov, M. Esch, L.D. Fowler, J.R. Fraser, V. Galin, W.L. Gates, J.J. Hack, J.T. Kiehl, H. Le Treut, K.K.-W. Lo, B.J. McAvaney, V.P. Meleshko, J.-J. Morcette, D.A. Randall, E. Roeckner, J.-F. Royer, M.E. Schlesinger, P.V. Sporyshev, B. Timbal,  E.M. Volodin, K.E. Taylor, W. Wang and R.T. Wetherald).

1997:  Comparison of the seasonal change in cloud-radiative forcing from atmospheric general circulation models and satellite observations. ''J. Geophys. Res''., 102, 16593-16603 (R.D. Cess, M.H. Zhang, G.L. Potter, V. Alekseev, H.W. Barker, S. Bony, R.A. Colman, D.A. Dazlich, A.D. Del Genio, M. Déqué, M.R. Dix, V. Dymnikov, M. Esch, L.D. Fowler, J.R. Fraser, V. Valin, W.L. Gates, J.J. Hack, W.J. Ingram, J.T. Kiehl, Y. Kim, H. Le Treut,X.-Z. Liang, B.J. McAvaney, V.P. Meleshko, J.-J. Morcette, D.A. Randall, E. Roeckner, M.E. Schlesinger, P.V. Sporyshev, K.E. Taylor, B. Timbal, E.M. Volodin, W. Wang,  W.-C. Wang and R.T. Wetherald).

1999:  An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). ''Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80'', 29-55. (W.L. Gates, J.S. Boyle, C. Covey, C.G. Dease,  C.M. Doutriaux, R.S. Drach, M. Fiorino, P.J. Gleckler, J.J. Hnilo, S.M. Marlais, T.J. Phillips, G.L. Potter, B.D. Santer, K.R. Sperber, K.E. Taylor and D.N. Williams).

2001:   Advancing our understanding. In Climate Change 2001: Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC). World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Environment

Programme, Cambridge University Press (J.T. Houghton et al., eds.), pp. 769-785  (B. Moore, W.L. Gates, L.J. Mata and A. Underdal).

2004: Derivation of the equations of atmospheric motion in oblate spheroidal coordinates. ''J. Atmos. Sci''., 61, 2478-2487.