User:Wimpus/etymology

Interpretation of Stearn (1983, sixth impression 1989)
Stearn's (1983) Botanical Latin uses in its vocabulary chapter (XXV) the abbreviation Gk. with the explanation "Greek" (p. 378). This label seems to indicate that a word-forming element such as -phyllus as in (p. 482) "-phyllus: in Gk. comp., -leaved" is Greek. But Liddell and Scott (1940) shows us that in ancient Greek, such adjectival compounds ended on -φυλλος (m/f) (-phyllos) and -φυλλος (n) (-phyllon), as in ἑπτάφυλλος/ον (heptaphyllos/on) ("seven-leaved"), καλόφυλλος/ον (kalophyllos/on) "with beautiful leaves", λευκόφυλλος/ον (leukophyllos/on) and not on -phyllus. One could question, whether Stearn really intended to give the real Greek forms, or as one of the main purposes of this glossary is to assist botanists to create their own epithets in botanical Latin, he provided the Latinized Greek forms, that are more easily adaptable when creating epithets.

That seems to corroborated by various sources that indicate the -phyllos is the real Greek form, and -phyllus merely New Latin. Collins English dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary Merriam Websters Stearn should have be more explicit, because now this "interpretation" of Stearn could be considered as "original research", while it obviously clear, that these forms can not be the original Greek form.
 * Word origin of '-phyllous' from Greek -phullos of a leaf
 * -phyllous suff. Having a specified kind or number of leaves: gamophyllous. [From New Latin -phullos, from Greek -phullos, from phullon, leaf.
 * New Latin -phyllus, from Greek -phyllos, from phyllon leaf

Stearn (1983, sixth impression 1989) we can read on p. 472:
 * -oecium (s.n. II): in Gk. comp., -house, -room, e.g. συνοικιον latinized as synoecium (s.n. II) 'a room where several people dwell together', whence the 'homologized expressions' androecium and gynoecium (not gynaeceum) for the male and female systems of the flower:
 * Here we can see clearly that -oecium is not the same as the real Greek form -οικιον, as that has to be transliterated according to Ancient Greek module as and not as -oecium.

Interpretation of Short and George
Short and George's (2013) A primer of botanical Latin with vocabulary seems to resemble Stearn's Botanical Latin, considering the issue, how to interpret the label "Greek" (p. 114: "Gk Greek"), as "-aeus' (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates sense of belonging" is not the real ancient Greek form, as that is -αιος (-aios), as in κεφάλαιος (kephalaios).

Interpretation of Sharr
The most recent edition of Sharr is revised by Alex George. The words with the label "Gk" seem to be in multiple cases, not real Greek at all, such leprosus (actually late Latin), -phyllus (actually new Latin) and in some case, non-existing words are provided like choru.

Word-forming elements or full words?
Multiple authors seems to confuse word-forming elements (that have to be written with a hyphen) and full words (without a hyphen).

Euclid-site (etymological sections)
The Euclid-site (see here) presents information about various Eucalyptus-species. In the etymological sections (section: “Origin of Name”) it provides the etymology of the Latin names of these species. In these sections, various mistakes and inconsistencies are seen. Despite being issued by the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, the number of etymological errors on the Euclid-site is exceedingly high for the number of Eucalyptus-species described. Unfortunately, this site is used by some editors as in these edits:, , , ,, , ). My request is to label the Euclid-site as unreliable, with respect to the etymological sections. I explicitely state, that I do not wish to claim that the Euclid-site in general is unreliable, as I have only checked the etymological sections.

In the list below, some of the errors that can be found in the etymological sections of the Euclid-site (section: "Origin of Name" on the linked pages) are listed. Liddell & Scott’s Greek dictionary (indicated as LS-Gr) and Lewis & Short’s A Latin dictionary (indicated as LS-Lat) are used and linked for comparison.

1. Inconsistent transliterations
 * 1) -κ-
 * 2) -k- in Greek karpos (LS-Gr: = Greek καρπός (karpos))  (e.g. Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa, Eucalyptus goniocarpa)
 * 3) -c- in Greek carpos (e.g. Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Eucalyptus leucoxylon subsp. megalocarpa)
 * 4) -αι-
 * 5) -ae- in Greek elaeo- (LS-Gr: < Greek ἐλαία (elaia)) (e.g. Eucalyptus elaeophloia)
 * 6) -ai- in Greek haima (LS-Gr: = Greek αἷμα (haima)) (e.g. Eucalyptus haemastoma)
 * 7) -ει-
 * 8) -i- in Greek -oides (LS-Gr: < Greek εἶδος (eidos)) (e.g. Eucalyptus celastroides subsp. celastroides)
 * 9) -ei- in Greek aggeion (LS-Gr: = Greek ἀγγεῖον (aggeion) (e.g. Eucalyptus gigantangion)

2. Different forms of same Greek or Latin words used
 * 1) "bark"
 * 2) Greek phloios (e.g. Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa)
 * 3) Greek phloia (e.g. Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia, Eucalyptus decipiens subsp. adesmophloia). Only Greek φλοιός (phloios) (LS-Gr) exists.
 * 4) "short"
 * 5) Latin brevis (e.g. Eucalyptus brevistylis
 * 6) Latin brevi (e.g. Eucalyptus brevifolia). Latin brevis (M|F) or breve (N) (LS-Lat) is the correct nominative.
 * 7) "male"
 * 8) Greek andra (e.g. Eucalyptus brachyandra)
 * 9) Greek andros (e.g. Eucalyptus macrandra). Greek ἀνήρ (anēr) (LS-Gr) is the correct nominative.
 * 10) "vein"
 * 11) Greek phlebos (e.g. Eucalyptus leptophleba)
 * 12) Greek phleba (e.g. Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. gratiae). The correct nominative is Greek φλέψ (phleps) (LS-Gr). Maybe, "veins" is intended in the etymological section of Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. gratiae, but that is φλέβες (phlebes) in ancient Greek and not phleba.
 * 13) "shaped like a rhomb"
 * 14) Greek rhombos (e.g. Eucalyptus rhombica)
 * 15) Greek rhombus (e.g. Eucalyptus rhomboidea). The correct form is Greek ῥόμβος (rhombos) (LS-Gr), but that does not mean "shaped like a rhomb". That is actually Greek ῥομβοειδής (rhomboeidēs) (LS-Gr).
 * 16) "horn"
 * 17) Latin cornu (e.g. Eucalyptus tereticornis subsp. mediana).
 * 18) Latin cornis (e.g. Eucalyptus longicornis). Correct form in Latin is cornu (LS-Lat).

3. Adjectives misinterpreted as nouns
 * 1) Latin ventralis translated as "front" (e.g. Eucalyptus sp. Dorsiventralis).
 * 2) Latin fasciculosus translated as "cluster or bundle" (e.g. Eucalyptus fasciculosa). "Cluster or bundle" is fasciculus (LS-Lat) in Latin.
 * 3) Latin melleus translated as "honey" (e.g. Eucalyptus melliodora). Latin melleus (LS-Lat) is clearly an adjective.
 * 4) Latin cylindroideus translated as "cylinder" (e.g. Eucalyptus oleosa subsp. cylindroidea).
 * 5) Latin pilularis translated as "small pill" (e.g. Eucalyptus pilularis). Latin pilula (LS-Lat) is a "pill".

4. Non-existing (or incorrect) words
 * 1) Greek ancophila (e.g. Eucalyptus ancophila). Ancophila does not exist in ancient Greek
 * 2) Greek phloia (see 2.1)
 * 3) Latin brevi (see 2.2)
 * 4) Greek andra and andros (see 2.3)
 * 5) Greek phleba and phlebos (see 2.4)
 * 6) Latin stylis (e.g. Eucalyptus brevistylis). Probably botanical Latin stylus (derived from stilus) is intended, but not Greek στυλίς (stylis).
 * 7) Latin calcareous (e.g. Eucalyptus calcareana). Calcareous is English. A possible Latin form could be calcareus.
 * 8) Greek niphophilos (e.g. Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. niphophila). No such word exists in ancient Greek.
 * 9) Greek kephalos (e.g. Eucalyptus gomphocephala)  or Greek cephalos (e.g. Eucalyptus cephalocarpa). Greek word for head is κεφαλή (kephalē) (LS-Gr). Greek κέφαλος (kephalos) (LS-Gr) is actually a "species of mullet".
 * 10) Greek gigant (e.g. Eucalyptus gigantangion). Greek γίγας, gen. γίγαντος (gigas, gen. gigantos) (LS-Gr) is the correct form.
 * 11) Latin pseudo- translated as "false" (e.g. Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus). In Latin "false" is falsus (LS-Lat). In Greek, "false" is ψευδής (pseudēs) (LS-Gr).
 * 12) Greek halophilus (e.g. Eucalyptus halophila). Does not exist in ancient Greek.
 * 13) Greek lepto (e.g. Eucalyptus leptocalyx). Correct form is λεπτός (leptos) (LS-Gr).
 * 14) Greek podos, translated as "foot" (e.g. Eucalyptus leptopoda subsp. arctata). Correct nominative is πούς (pous) (LS-Gr). Greek ποδός (podos) is actually the genitive case, but has to be translated with "of a foot".
 * 15) Greek apoda (e.g. Eucalyptus scias subsp. apoda). There exist a Greek feminine singular ἄποδἡ (apodē) (LS-Gr), but that is not written with an -a.
 * 16) Latin flora translated as "flower" (e.g. Eucalyptus cylindriflora). Flora (LS-Lat) is the "goddess of flowers" in Latin, flos (LS-Lat) the Latin word for "flower".
 * 17) Greek cypellum (e.g. Eucalyptus cypellocarpa). The correct form in Greek is κύπελλον (kypellon) (LS-Gr).
 * 18) Greek dendros (e.g. Eucalyptus dendromorpha). There exist a rare neuter δένδρος (dendros) (LS-Gr) in Greek, but probably the more common form δένδρον (dendron) is intended.
 * 19) Greek morphos (e.g. Eucalyptus dendromorpha). Greek μορφή (morphē) (LS-Gr) is the correct form.
 * 20) Greek dipterus (e.g. Eucalyptus diptera). Greek δίπτερος (dipteros) (LS-Gr) is the correct form.
 * 21) Greek carpus (e.g. Eucalyptus pyrocarpa). Correct Greek form is καρπός (karpos) (LS-Gr). The form carpus is the Latinized form.
 * 22) Greek nemos (e.g. Eucalyptus erythronema var. erythronema). Correct Greek form is νῆμα (nēma) (LS-Gr.
 * 23) Greek ptera translated as "wing" (e.g. Eucalyptus tetraptera). Correct Greek form is πτερόν (pteron) (LS-Gr).
 * 24) Greek macro (e.g. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha subsp. cannonii). Correct form is Greek μακρός (makros) (LS-Gr).
 * 25) Greek adena translated as "glands" (e.g. Eucalyptus myriadena). Greek for glands is ἀδένες (adenes).
 * 26) Greek odontos translated as "tooth" (e.g. Eucalyptus odontocarpa). Correct Greek form is ὀδούς (odous) (LS-Gr). Greek ὀδόντος (odontos) is however the genitive case, but that means "of a tooth".
 * 27) Greek oligis (e.g. Eucalyptus oligantha). Correct Greek form is ὀλίγος (oligos) (LS-Gr).
 * 28) Latin grand. (e.g. Eucalyptus ovata var. grandiflora). Grand is English, grandis (LS-Lat) is Latin.
 * 29) Greek sphaera (e.g. Eucalyptus parramattensis var. sphaerocalyx). Sphaera (LS-Lat) is the Latinized form, while Greek σφαῖρα (LS-Gr) can be transliterated as sphaira.
 * 30) Latin formis (e.g. Eucalyptus pyriformis). Correct form is forma (LS-Lat).
 * 31) Greek synandra (e.g. Eucalyptus synandra). Does not exist in ancient Greek.
 * 32) Latin valvis translated as "valves" (e.g. Eucalyptus trivalvis). Latin plural of valva (LS-Lat) is valvae.

Chinnock

 * Chinnock, R.J. (Bob) (2007). Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae (1st ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg.

Sharr

 * Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press.
 * leprosus as Greek
 * -philus as Greek
 * phloius as Greek Gderrin could be misquoting Sharr, as Sharr might have written a hyphen.


 * theca as Greek
 * choru as Greek
 * -sepalus as Greek
 * phellosus as Latinization of Greek phellos

Dave's Garden

 * []

Brophy

 * Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research