User:Winter-PSU/Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa

The pandemic section is live with blue links and sources. Section name edits are live. Introduction is live with blue links and sources. Removed the capitalization of "White" in regards to race and capitalized "Black" in regards to race, based on the conversation of Wikipedia editors here: Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters/Archive 32

Lead
Note: The sources I reference in the drafts reflect the order I have of my own sources in my bibliography draft, but they are updated in the actual article to reflect the order of the whole bibliography list.

Rewritten introduction: (Blue links here were already present in the article, I added my own after I moved the introduction to the main space)

Negotiations to end apartheid began in 1990 and continued until Nelson Mandela's electoral victory as South Africa's first Black president in the first democratic all-races general election of 1994.(5)This signified the legislative end of apartheid in South Africa, a system of widespread racially-based segregation to enforce almost complete separation of white and Black races in South Africa.(2 from complete biblio) Before the legislative end of apartheid, whites had held almost complete control over all political and socioeconomic power in South Africa during apartheid, only allowing acquiescent Black traditional leaders to participate in facades of political power.(5) Repercussions from the decades of apartheid continue to resonate through every facet of South African life, despite copious amounts of legislation meant to alleviate inequalities.(7)

Post-apartheid South Africa struggles to correct the inequalities created by decades of apartheid.(5) White nepotism remains a considerable obstacle to economic gain and political influence for Black South Africans. (6) Despite a growing gross domestic product, indices for poverty, unemployment, income inequality, life expectancy and land ownership have declined.(7)(8) No industry in the economy has over 50% ownership by Black individuals in terms of their share even though 81.4% of the South African population is black. (8) The end of the apartheid system in South Africa has largely not changed the socioeconomic stratification by race.(6) A small subset of the Black population have been able able to create a Black middle class that did not exist during apartheid, but otherwise, the large majority of Black people in South Africa have yet to experience a difference in economic class since apartheid was abolished. (7) International measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, report that inequalities within races has greatly increased since the end of apartheid, even when overall inequalities are slightly improved.(6)(7) High levels of Black unemployment coupled with a rising Black population remains one of the biggest problems, particularly for women and the uneducated or unskilled.(6)(8)

South Africa's most recent census in 2022 highlighted areas of supposed improvement, such as greater access to electricity, piped water, education, and refuse collection services, but was criticized for missing 31% of the largely rural population, undoubtedly skewing the results more positively in the governments favor.(7)(8) The South African government has been denounced because it does not have an official poverty line, disallowing for accurate measures to be assessed.(1)(6) The most recent census did not include measures of income previously used to define poverty nor did it give an official population percentage, but international organizations have placed the percentage of South African people experiencing poverty to at least 50% and possibly even higher after the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.(1)(6)(8)

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Note: The "Possible causes of post-apartheid inequality" section was changed to "Factors contributing to post-apartheid inequality in South Africa".

Note: The "Unemployment" subsection was changed to "Key legislation shaping post-apartheid inequality".

Note: "The Reconstruction and Development Programme" subsection was changed to "Educational disparities". The first two sentences of the old subsection were moved to the bottom of the newly titled "Key legislation shaping post-apartheid inequality" subsection.

Note: A new subsection was added, titled "Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic".

Below is the completed pandemic section (I have underlined places where I want to add blue links):

Note: The sources I reference in the drafts reflect the order I have of my own sources in my bibliography draft, but they are updated in the actual article to reflect the order of the whole bibliography list.

The COVID-19 pandemic has served to widen the gaps between existing levels of economic inequality in South Africa, and poor, black communities have been given the greatest burden largely due to insufficient government support during the pandemic.(2) South Africa was criticized early for not enacting a travel ban on international travelers as COVID-19 began ravaging other countries.(2) However, South Africa was quick to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic on the arrival of its first reported case as compared to Western countries , implementing a 6-week lock down only 22 days after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in South Africa early in March.(3)(1) Restrictions included a ban on international travelers, school closures, and the prohibition of large group gatherings including 100 people or more.(2) School closures threatened food security for 9 million children who relied on school feeding programs to supplement daily nutrition with no back-up plan given by the government.(4) Two weeks into the lock down further rules were implemented, including the closure of non-essential businesses and a controversial sales ban on liquor, tobacco, and vaping products.(2) Close to 10 million low-income individuals lost their jobs during this time.(4)

As the 6-week lock down came to an end, South Africa began to reduce the severity of lock down rules, citing successful containment, but the South African government was criticized for inflating positive results of early containment procedures without evidence to support their claims.(3) Hospitals already lacked the resources to handle their pre-COVID case loads and were quickly overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases early on in the pandemic, necessitating other health problems to be sidelined.(2) Domestic violence cases against women and children in the lower economic classes skyrocketed.(4) An emergency food box program was eventually created to fight food insecurity, but most poor communities never received the help.(1) Less than 100,000 of the boxes were distributed across South Africa in the first year and a half of the program’s creation.(4) Economically disadvantaged communities found immense fault with the inequitable government efforts regarding food allocation, testing centers, and the distribution of personal protective equipment (PPE) .(2) Brewing public frustration over economic losses, lock down measures, the lack of available medical interventions, and the arrest of f ormer South African president Jacob Zuma resulted in widely attended protests that devolved into destructive riots in KwaZulu-Natal and Johannesburg in 2021.(1) The events now known as the 2021 South African unrest, the Zuma riots, or the July 2021 riots , escalated into the most severe violence South Africa has witnessed since the conclusion of apartheid , and resulted in the arrests of over 5,500 individuals and the deaths of 354.(2)