User:Wolfdog/sandbox

RESPONDING TO OTHER EDITORS this one can include multiple editors ''The last two look exactly the same and both render a colon

WRAP TEXT from a multiïndented discussion:

EDIT WARRING Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring

CITATION with authors: CITATION without authors:

MOVE DISCUSSION / REQUEST MOVES: Requested_moves/Controversial

DISPUTE HELP: Seeking outside help for dispute resolution: etc.
 * WP:3O (request for third opinion)
 * WP:RfC (request for comment by affiliating with relevant categories and then a bot randomly pinging disinterested users)
 * WikiProject Literature, and its more active cousin WikiProject Novels
 * WikiProject History

WIKITABLE EXAMPLE:

MISCELLANEOUS
 * %22
 * &pg=PA320 means p. 320 of the Google Book website

flapping in /-tən/ is fairly common with -ance, -ant, -ence, -ent words, as in competence, impotent, inheritance, omnipotent, etc. Maybe the key is that /t/ in these words is not immediately followed by stress. But I also feel I occasionally hear flapping in important, written, etc.

Non-rhotic accent mergers (not shared in rhotic accents):
 * ə-ər (Marta/martyr) RP, all
 * ɑː-ɑːr (father/farther) (calve/carve) RP, all
 * ɔː-ɔːr (pawn/porn) (caught/court) RP, all
 * ɔː-ʊər (paw/poor/pour) RP, all
 * ɪ-ər (batted/battered)
 * oʊ-ɔːr (dough/door)
 * oʊ-ʊər (show-sure)
 * ɒ-ɔːr (often/orphan) (shot/short) RPish, NENE
 * ɒ-ɑːr (god/guard) SENE, NYCE
 * ʌ-ɜːr (bud/bird) J, RPish
 * ɔɪ-ɜːr (oil/earl) NYCE
 * others...

South: 86 (poem) to 79 (route)

Combining information from the phonetic research through interviews of Labov et al. (2006) and the phonological research through surveys of Vaux (2004), Hedges (2017) performed a latent class analysis (cluster analysis) to generate six clusters of American English features that naturally occurred together, presuming that each of the six would match one of the six broad dialect regions roughly delineated by Labov: the North, South, West, New England, Midland, and Mid-Atlantic (including New York City). The clusters were largely consistent with the two earlier studies.

Based directly on Hedges (2017)'s results, below is a chart of particular pronunciations of particular words that have more than an 86% likelihood of occurring in particular regions. The defining pronunciations are: pajamas with either the phoneme or the phoneme ; coupon with either  or ; Monday with either  or ; Florida with either  or other possibilities (such as ); caramel with either two or three syllables; handkerchief with either  or ; lawyer as either "ler" or "ler"; poem with either one or two syllables; route with either  or ; mayonnaise with either two or three syllables; and been with either  or other possibilities (such as ). Parentheses in the chart indicate that the likelihood of the pronunciation inside them occurs ovewhelmingly in a particular region (well over 50% likelihood) but still does not meet the >86% threshold set by Hedges (2017) for what necessarily defines a dialect. Blank boxes in the chart indicate that neither pronunciation occurs with an overwhelming likelihood, and, in some of these instances, the data is simply inconclusive or unclear.

★The two pronunciations marked by this star are discrepancies of the latent class analysis, since they conflict with Vaux (2004)'s surveys. The surveys show that is the much more common vowel for pajamas in the West, and  and  are in fact both common variants for lawyer in the Midland.

16

Variation
A fair to strong degree of variation exists within Chicano English phonologically, and its precise boundaries are difficult to delineate, perhaps due to separate origins of the dialect in the Southwest as well as the Midwest. One sub-variety, referenced as Tejano English, is used mainly in southern Texas, and California sub-varieties are also widely studied, especially of metropolitan Los Angeles.

New Mexico
Some scholars recognize a Chicano sub-variety of north-central New Mexico that has been uniquely influenced by New Mexican Spanish. A recent study found that native English-Spanish bilingual Chicanos in New Mexico have a lower/shorter/weaker voice-onset time than typical native monolingual English speakers. Another researcher notices of a monolingual Northern New Mexico Chicano English "a vowel shift pattern unique to a region whose communities are characterized by a situation wherein the use of Ch[icano]E[nglish] transcends age, race and socioeconomic status so that speakers include: teachers, doctors, the clergy, homemakers, radio announcers, business people, teenagers, blue collar employees and even non-chicanos." Here are certain lexical/vocabulary features common to the region: Additionally, New Mexico chile has had a large impact on New Mexico's cultural heritage, so large in fact, that it was entered into the congressional record as being spelled 'chile', and not chili. In New Mexico there is a differentiation for chili, which most New Mexicans equate to chili con carne.
 * A la máquina (literally "to the machine" in Spanish) is usually used as a startled expression, sometimes shortened to a la.
 * Acequia, the word for ditch in Spanish, is common within the entire Rio Grande Valley.
 * Canales, Spanish for rain and street gutters, in the northern parts of the state.
 * Corazón, the word for heart in Spanish, can be connotative of sweetheart, dear, courage, and spirit.
 * O sí (seguro), literally "Oh yeah (sure)" in Spanish, is used as an ironic reaction or as a sincere questioning of a statement.
 * Ombers, an interjection commonly used to express playful disapproval or shaming of another, similar to tsk tsk.
 * Or what? and Or no? are added to end of sentences to exemplify the needed confirmation in a prior statement. Examples, "Can you see, or no?" or "Are we late, or what?"
 * Vigas, the Spanish word for rafters, especially common in the northern part of the state.

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX


 * NEAR/SQUARE includes rehearse, merry, herd, and sometimes heard (the last of which could also be NURSE)
 * FORCE/NORTH/word all seem to be of one class.
 * LETTER seemed to have the vowel of NEAR/SQUARE.
 * NURSE (heard, earth, etc.) and the single NORTH word "reward" seems merged with START (hard, regard)
 * On Early English Pronunciation, with Especial Reference to... 960s
 * Nature more rhymes with latter
 * [ʒ] was [zɪ] (or [z] in pleasure)
 * [ʃ] was [sɪ] (or [t] in nature) p. 98 (A Shakespeare phonology)
 * was used [æ]
 * IS and WAS occasionally used a final [s]'
 * If Shakespeare pronounced the "gh" in "-ight", it was "hardly more than a weak [ç] and possibly mere [h]".

El Paso is the only Texan city with high FACE.

The defining pure vowels of Irish English:

The following pure vowel sounds are defining characteristics of Irish English: All pure vowels of various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes:
 * The vowel, as in cut or run, is typically centralised in the mouth and often somewhat more rounded than other standard English varieties, such as Received Pronunciation in England or General American in the United States.
 * Most Irish English varieties make some distinction between the "broad" a and "flat" a of Received Pronunciation, whereas General American, for example, makes no distinction.
 * There is inconsistency regarding the lot–cloth split and the cot–caught merger; certain Irish English dialects have these phenomena while others do not.
 * Any and many are pronounced to rhyme with nanny, Danny, etc. by very many speakers, i.e. with each of these words pronounced with.

In southside Dublin's once-briefly fashionable "D4" (or "Dartspeak") accent, the " and broad " set becomes rounded as [ɒː].

In South-West Ireland, before /n/ or /m/ is raised to [ɪ].

Due to the local Dublin accent's phenomenon of "vowel breaking", /iː/ may be realised in this accent as [iʲə] in a closed syllable, and, in the same environment, /uː/ may be realised as [ʊuʷə].

In the more recently emerging non-local Dublin (or "new Dublin") accent, the conservative variant of the vowel may be as raised as [ɔ], and the vowel  may be as raised as [ɔː~oː].

Unstressed syllable-final /iː/ or /ɪ/ is realised in Ulster accents uniquely as [e~ɪ].

Other notes:


 * In some highly conservative Irish English varieties, words spelled with ea and pronounced with in RP are pronounced with, for example meat, beat, and leaf.
 * In words like took where the spelling "oo" usually represents, conservative speakers may use . This is most common in local Dublin and the speech of north-east Leinster.

The defining diphthongs of Hiberno-English:

The following gliding vowel (diphthong) sounds are defining characteristics of Irish English:
 * The first element of the diphthong, as in ow or doubt, may move forward in the mouth in the east (namely, Dublin) and supraregionally; however, it may actually move backward throughout the entire rest of the country. In the north alone, the second element is particularly moved forward, as in Scotland.
 * The first element of the diphthong, as in boy or choice, is slightly or significantly lowered in all geographic regions except the north.
 * The diphthong, as in rain or bay, is most commonly monophthongised to . Furthermore, this often lowers to in words such as gave and came (sounding like "gev" and "kem").

All diphthongs of various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes:' Due to the local Dublin accent's phenomenon of "vowel breaking", may be realised in that accent as [əjə] in a closed syllable, and, in the same environment,  may be realised as [ɛwə]. [əʊ]

In the more recently emerging non-local Dublin (or "new Dublin") accent, the diphthong /aɪ/ may be realised with a back starting point as [ɑɪ], and the diphthong /ɔɪ/ may be realised with a raised starting point as [ɔɪ~oɪ].

The defining r-coloured vowels of Hiberno-English:

The following r-coloured vowel features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English:
 * Rhoticity: Every major accent of Hiberno-English pronounces the letter "r" whenever it follows a vowel sound, though this is weaker in the local Dublin accent due to its earlier history of non-rhoticity. Rhoticity is a feature that Hiberno-English shares with Canadian English and General American but not with Received Pronunciation.
 * The distinction between and  is almost always preserved, so that, for example, horse and hoarse are not merged in most Irish accents.

All r-coloured vowels of various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes:

In older varieties of the conservative accents, like local Dublin, the "r" sound before a vowel may be pronounced as a tapped [ɾ], rather than as the typical approximant [ɹ̠].

Every major accent of Irish English is rhotic (pronounces "r" after a vowel sound). The local Dublin accent is the only one that during an earlier time was non-rhotic, though it usually very lightly rhotic today, with a few minor exceptions. The rhotic consonant in this and most other Irish accents is an approximant [ɹ̠].

The "r" sound of the mainstream non-local Dublin accent is more precisely a velarised approximant [ɹˠ], while the "r" sound of the more recently emerging non-local Dublin (or "new Dublin") accent is more precisely a retroflex approximant [ɻ].

In southside Dublin's once-briefly fashionable "Dublin 4" (or "Dortspeak") accent, /ɑr/ is realised as [ɒːɹ].

In the more recently emerging non-local Dublin (or "new Dublin") accent, /ɛər/ and /ɜr/ may both be realised as [øːɻ].

In local Dublin, West/South-West, and other very conservative and traditional Irish English varieties ranging from the south to the north, the phoneme /ɜr/ is split into two distinct phonemes depending on spelling and preceding consonants, which have sometimes been represented as /ɛr/ versus /ʊr/, and often more precisely pronounced as [ɛːɹ] versus [ʊːɹ]. As an example, the words earn and urn are not pronounced the same, as they are in most dialects of English around the world. In the local Dublin and West/South-West accents, /ɜr/ when after a labial consonant (e.g. fern), when spelled as "ur" or "or" (e.g. word), or when spelled as "ir" after an alveolar stop (e.g. dirt) are pronounced as [ʊːɹ]; in all other situations, /ɜr/ is pronounced as [ɛːɹ]. Example words include:

/ɛr/
 * certain [ˈsɛːɹtn̩]
 * chirp [ˈtʃɛːɹp]
 * circle [ˈsɛːɹkəl]
 * earn [ɛːɹn]
 * earth [ɛːɹt]
 * girl [gɛːɹl]
 * germ [dʒɛːɹm]
 * heard or herd [hɛːɹd]
 * irk [ɛːɹk]
 * tern [tɛːɹn]

/ʊr/
 * bird [bʊːɹd]
 * dirt [dʊːɹt]
 * first [fʊːɹst]
 * murder [ˈmʊːɹdɚ]
 * nurse [ˈnʊːɹs]
 * turn [tʰʊːɹn]
 * third or turd [tʰʊːɹd]
 * urn [ʊːɹn]
 * work [wʊːɹk]
 * world [wʊːɹld].

In non-local Dublin, younger, and supraregional Irish accents, this split is seldom preserved, with both of the /ɜr/ phonemes typically merged as [ɚː].

In rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, is either lowered to  or backed and raised to.

The distinction between and  is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, horse and hoarse are not merged in most Irish English dialects; however, they are usually merged in Belfast and new Dublin.

In local Dublin, due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" may in fact be realised as.

The defining consonants of Hiberno-English:

The consonants of Hiberno-English mostly align to the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English:
 * H-fulness: Unlike most English varieties of England and Wales, which drop the word-initial /h/ sound in words like house or happy, Hiberno-English always retains word-initial.
 * The phonemes (as in the) and  (as in thin) are pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English.  is pronounced as  or, depending on specific dialect; and  is pronounced as  or.
 * The phoneme, when appearing at the end of word or between vowel sounds, is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English; the most common pronunciation is as a "slit fricative".
 * The phoneme is almost always of a "light" or "clear" quality (i.e. not velarised), unlike Received Pronunciation, which uses both a clear and a dark "L" sound, or General American, which pronounces all "L" sounds as somewhat dark.
 * Rhoticity: The pronunciation of historical /r/ is nearly universal in Irish accents of English. Like with General American (but not Received Pronunciation), this means that the letter "r", if appearing after a vowel sound, is always pronounced (in words such as here, cart, or surf).

Unique consonants in various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes:

In traditional, conservative Ulster English, /k/ and /g/ is palatalised before a low front vowel.

Local Dublin also undergoes cluster simplification, so that stop consonant sounds occurring after fricatives or sonorants may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)".

Rhoticity: Every major accent of Irish English is strongly rhotic (pronounces "r" after a vowel sound), though to a weaker degree with the local Dublin accent. The accents of local Dublin and some smaller eastern towns like Drogheda were historically non-rhotic and now only very lightly rhotic or variably rhotic, with the rhotic consonant being an alveolar approximant, [ɹ]. In extremely traditional and conservative accents (exemplified, for instance, in the speech of older speakers throughout the coumtry, even in South-West Ireland, such as Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh and Jackie Healy-Rae), the rhotic consonant, before a vowel sound, can also be an alveolar tap, [ɾ]. The rhotic consonant for the northern Ireland and new Dublin accents is a retroflex approximant, [ɻ]. Dublin's retroflex approximant has no precedent outside of northern Ireland and is a genuine innovation of the past two decades. A guttural/uvular is found in north-east Leinster. Otherwise, the rhotic consonant of virtually all other Irish accents is the postalveolar approximant, [ɹ].

The symbol [θ̠] is used here to represent the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative, sometimes known as a "slit fricative", whose articulation is described as being apico-alveolar.

Overall, and  are being increasingly merged in supraregional Irish English, for example, making wine and whine homophones, as in most varieties of English around the world.

The symbol "~" is used here to indicate that pronunciations on either side of it form a spectrum of possibilities. The symbol ">" indicates that the pronunciations to its left are more widespread and pronunciations to its right are more marginal.

Listed below is every well-documented variety of North American English, according to its most defining features (the combinations of which each variety shares with no other). Unless otherwise specified, all American English varieties are characterized by a continuous /æ/ nasal system (in which the short a vowel is tensed only before nasal consonants, such as in words like man and lamb, but not in words like map and lack), the lot-cloth split, a lack of R-dropping (any variety below in which some significant degree of postvocalic R-dropping has been documented among its speakers is labelled simply "R-dropping"), and the father-bother merger.


 * Canada and Western United States: remains backed;  is fronted; cot–caught merger
 * Atlantic Canada: is fronted; full Canadian raising
 * Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia /æ/ system; conservative
 * Lunenburg: R-dropping
 * Newfoundland: ~ is fronted; cheer–chair merger; line–loin merger; marry–merry merger
 * California: is variably fronted; Canadian Vowel Shift (~~ ←  ←  ← )
 * Kern County: fill–feel merger; full–fool merger; pin–pen merger
 * Pacific Northwest and Standard Canada: conservative ; bag–beg merger; Canadian Vowel Shift (~~ ← ←  ← )
 * Inland Canada: full Canadian raising


 * New York metropolitan area: is fronted; conservative ; no cot–caught merger; New York  split system; no Mary–marry–merry merger
 * New York City, New York: R-dropping


 * Northeastern and North-Central United States: conservative ; conservative ; conservative ; no pin–pen merger
 * "The North": conservative ; no cot–caught merger
 * "Inland North": is always tensed, encouraging the Northern Cities Vowel Shift ( ←  ← ~  ←   ←  ← )
 * Hudson Valley, New York: approximates the NYC  split system
 * Southwestern New England: is only variably tensed; no or transitional cot–caught merger
 * Rhode Island: R-dropping
 * Northern New England: is fronted; cot–caught merger
 * Northeastern New England: no father–bother merger
 * Boston, Massachusetts and Maine: R-dropping
 * "North Central": bag–beg merger (and even haggle–Hegel merger); cot–caught merger
 * Iron Range of Minnesota and Upper Peninsula of Michigan: fricative and stop devoicing


 * Southeastern United States: is fronted;  is fronted;  is fronted
 * Atlanta, Georgia: is variably monophthongized; no cot–caught merger; variable pin–pen merger
 * Chesapeake and Outer Banks: is backed
 * Ocracoke: no cot–caught merger; monophthongs are diphthongized (up-gliding) before /ʃ/ and /tʃ/
 * Smith Island: is diphthongized; no happy tensing
 * Mid-Atlantic United States: no cot–caught merger; Mid-Atlantic split system
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: is raised before a consonant; furry–ferry merger
 * "The Midland": can be monophthongized before, , , or  ( is fronted); transitional cot–caught merger; variable pin–pen merger
 * Western Pennsylvania: cot–caught merger, encouraging the Pittsburgh Chain Shift ([ɒ~ɔ] ← ← ); full–fool merger
 * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: can be monophthongized before /l/ and /r/, and in unstressed function words
 * New Orleans, Louisiana: no cot–caught merger; New York /æ/ split system; Southern  is variably monophthongized; no pin–pen merger
 * "The South": is monophthongized, encouraging the Southern Vowel Shift ( ←  ←  ← ); pin–pen merger
 * "Inland South": Back Upglide Chain Shift ( ← ←  ← ); no cot–caught merger; fill–feel merger; full Southern Vowel Shift
 * "Texas South": transitional cot–caught merger; full Southern Vowel Shift
 * St. Louis Corridor: is always tensed, encouraging the Northern Cities Vowel Shift; no cot–caught merger; card–cord merger
 * Marignal Southeastern United States:
 * Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: conservative ; conservative ; transitional cot-caught merger; variable pin–pen merger
 * Savannah, Georgia: Southern is variably monophthongized; variably conservative ; R-dropping;  is variably fronted; transitional cot–caught merger; no pin–pen merger

Ethnic and other Northern American English

 * Chicano English:, , and are variably monophthongized;  is always "clear" or "light" (unvelarized)
 * New York Latino English: is "clear" or "light" (unvelarized) in syllable onsets, but "vowel-like" (vocalized) in syllable codas;, , and  are variably monophthongized
 * Cajun Vernacular English: conservative ; conservative ; cot–caught merger; pin–pen merger; R-dropping
 * African American Vernacular English: is monophthongized, encouraging the Southern Vowel Shift ( ←  ←  ← ); conservative ; conservative ; R-dropping; pin–pen merger

Ethnic and other Northern American English
LEFT OFF AT SAVANNAH ENGLISH
 * Chicano English:, , and are variably monophthongized;  is always "clear" or "light" (unvelarized)
 * New York Latino English: is "clear" or "light" (unvelarized) in syllable onsets, but "vowel-like" (vocalized) in syllable codas;, , and  are variably monophthongized
 * Cajun Vernacular English: conservative ; conservative ; cot–caught merger; pin–pen merger; R-dropping
 * African American Vernacular English: is monophthongized, encouraging the Southern Vowel Shift ( ←  ←  ← ); conservative ; conservative ; R-dropping; pin–pen merger
 * (Older Southern American English) - various dialects
 * Older Charleston English
 * Older Virginia English
 * AAVE!!
 * Latino!!!
 * CANADA!!!: CVS
 * Central Midland maybes:
 * (Older Cincinnati: Cincinnati short-a system)
 * Canton (Ohio) English ???