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Name Tutor Course Date Argumentative Essay on White Privilege in America White privilege is one of the most debated topics in contemporary society. Racism still exists in contemporary America, and it is getting worse year after another. Current studies have pointed out that America is becoming a strictly divided nation as a result of color based segregations. America is featured with many types of racially-based segregations, which evidently occur on a daily basis. However, white privilege has been quite rampant, and it is among the most debated topics in America (McIntosh 14). Notably, the majority of people have not yet realized that white privilege is attached to adverse risks than it is the case with benefits. White privilege denotes the level of societal advantage that comes with being seen as the norm in America, automatically conferred irrespective of wealth, gender, or other factors. White privilege makes life more comforting for the favored race while making it threatening to those of the minority race. This study will identify and explain the counterargument and provide a rebuttal for the counterargument for white privilege in America. The Nature of White Privilege in America Currently, the majority of Americans agree that America, as a country, is yet to achieve racial equality. Approximately six in every ten Americans assert that our country needs to continue making changes for blacks to have equal rights with whites, while others stick to the assertion that America have made the necessary changes to bring about equality (McIntosh 33). Blacks and Hispanics are especially prone to much is needed to accomplish racial balance, albeit a few whites additionally state this is the situation than state enough changes have been made. Looking forward, around four-in-ten blacks are distrustful that the nation will ever roll out the improvements required for blacks to accomplish equivalent rights with whites. Far lower shares among whites (10%) and Hispanics (16%) are dicey that these progressions will, in the long run, happen (McIntosh 28). Blacks and whites likewise offer alternate points of view about the difficulties dark individuals face in the U.S. For instance, whites are bound to point to singular partiality as opposed to institutional bigotry as the more serious issue with regards to oppression dark individuals today. Blacks are all the more equally separated; 48% state singular bias is the more concerning issue, while 40% point to segregation that is incorporated with the nation's laws and foundations. Whites are additionally far more uncertain than blacks to state dark individuals in the nation in general and in their networks are dealt with less decently than whites in managing the police, in the courts, when casting a ballot, in the work environment, while applying for an advance or contract, and in stores or cafés (Dottolo and Kaschak 101). Likewise, larger parts of blacks state racial separation, lower-quality schools, and absence of occupations are significant reasons blacks in the U.S. may make some harder memories excelling than whites; not many whites hold those perspectives. Counterarguments of White Privilege Several people of sound mind have had varied contributions concerning the alarming controversy attached to white privilege. According to McIntosh (10), white privilege is a flawed paradigm, which ascribes racism to a process which does not contain it. But, more importantly, it’s an ultimately self-defeating notion, which negates some of the most fundamental principles of equality and human rights. The majority asserts that the people of the world are naturally segregated by color, and hence we have no right to object his power of nature. McIntosh (28), puts across that the whites will remain superior over blacks and not by any man’s contributions. This assertion helps to overshadow the accurate interpretations of white privilege, a key source of both a legacy and a cause of racism. Supporters of white privilege defend that America has observed equality among all races, and hence, there is no room for racially-based segregations. Bhopal (20), provides some of the protruding examples of racial equality from their point of view. They assert that the American legislative body has suitably applied power to manage racial equality since all people of America are questionable by law; they are equally presumed guilty, equally likely to be sentenced to death, and likely to be shown in a fair manner. Also, white people are very likely to be subjected to interrogations or searched by law enforcement like it is the case with other races. According to McIntosh (40), white privilege has never been evident in America McIntosh in his essay “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack” defends that if a traffic cop pulls a white man over or if the IRS audits a white man’s tax return, it is quite evident that he or she will not be singled out due to skin color. The author exclaimed that it is very easy to buy magazines and items featuring people of the white race due to the difficulty of finding products and services tailored to racial minorities (Kimmel 15). Also, the American culture has taught whites to believe they represent the intellectual and cultural vanguard, to conclude that racial inequalities cannot be traced to their past or present behavior and to view their dominant status. Rebuttal Arguments It is worthy to note that the defensiveness joined to this uncertainty point disturbs the discussion, which implies, unfortunately, that characterizing white benefit should regularly start with characterizing what it is not. If not, just point the individuals you really need to arrive at and look at (Kimmel 10). White privilege is not the suggestion that white individuals have never battled. Many white individuals detest the benefits that accompany relative opulence, for example, nourishment security (McIntosh 35).Majority do not experience the privileges that come with access, such as nearby hospitals. However, the fact remains that the majority of non-whites in America have suffered squarely in all sorts of racially-based prejudices. White privilege is and will remain to be a flawed paradigm, which ascribes racism to a process that does not contain it. But, more importantly, it’s an ultimately self-defeating notion, which negates some of the most fundamental principles of equality and human rights. As evident, white privilege has existed as the power of normal in American society. Nevertheless, these unobtrusive interpretations of white benefit are frequently utilized as an agreeable, simple passage point for individuals who may push back against the idea (Kimmel 16). That is why they remain so popular. For example, the majority of grocery store stocking a variety of food options that reflect the cultural traditions of most white people. Arguably, the root of these problems is often ignored. These benefits are exemplary of what we may call "the intensity of typical." If open spaces and merchandise appear obliged, one race and isolate the requirements of individuals of different races into extraordinary segments, which demonstrates something underneath the surface. White individuals become bound to travel through the world with a desire that their needs be promptly met. Ethnic minorities travel through the world, realizing their needs are on the edges. White privilege exists because the people of white color are more often humanized and granted the benefit of the doubt. They are more likely to receive compassion, to be granted individual potential, to survive mistakes (Kimmel 120). For example, whites are less likely to be interrogated or searched by law enforcement because they look “suspicious.” Also, when white people are accused of a crime, they are less likely to be presumed guilty, less likely to be sentenced to death, and more likely to be portrayed in a fair, nuanced manner by media outlets. The benefit of white privilege is unnoticeable to many white individuals since it appears to be sensible that an individual ought to be extended to empathy as they travel through the world (Kimmel 76). It appears to be consistent that an individual ought to get the opportunity to substantiate themselves separately under the steady gaze of they are judged; it is evidently an American flawless. To a certain extent, the individuals who endure cases of racial profiling, be they inconspicuous or fierce, do not escape unaffected. They frequently experience the ill effects of post-horrendous pressure issues, and this injury thus influences their companions, families, and quick networks, who are presented to their very own defenselessness accordingly. Form another point of view, carrying a gun in public in public has been coded as a white benefit. Supporters have actually utilized words like "reestablishing your masculine benefit" as a method for selling ambush weapons to white men. In provincial America, landowners could convey firearms, and they presented that privilege on to poor whites so as to subdue uprisings from "Negroes" and Indians (Dottolo & Kaschak 112). John Brown's attack was about weapons. Researchers have expounded on how the Ku Klux Klan was planned for incapacitating African Americans. At the point when African Americans began to convey weapons openly – consider Malcolm X during the social equality period – unexpectedly, the subsequent change didn't make a difference in many white Americans' psyches. When Huey Newton and the Black Panthers attempted to arm themselves, everybody all of a sudden started, "We need weapon control." White privilege in America has also existed as the power of accumulated power. The gap attached to white privilege generally relied on heritage wealth stretching from one generation then onto the next. Furthermore, that riches regularly comes as acquired homes with esteem. At the point when white families can amass riches in view of their acquiring influence or home estimation, they are bound to help their youngsters into early adulthood, assisting with expenses, for example, school training, first vehicles, and first homes. The cycle proceeds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that many white individuals strengthen the possibility of racial correspondence however are less steady of strategies that could make it increasingly conceivable, for example, reparations, governmental policy regarding minorities in society, or law authorization change. In that manner, the white benefit isn't only the ability to discover what you need in a comfort store or to travel through the world without your race characterizing your connections (Bhopal 44). It is not simply the intuitive solace of seeing a world that serves you as ordinary. It is additionally the ability to stay quiet even with racial imbalance. It's the ability to gauge the requirement for dissent or showdown against the distress or bother of shouting out. It's getting the opportunity to pick when and where you need to stand firm. It realizes that you and your humankind are protected. Conclusion There has been a growing need to ensure accurate control over the long-lasting effects of white privilege. The fact remains that the majority of non-whites in America have suffered squarely in all sorts of racially-based prejudices. White privilege is and will remain to be a flawed paradigm, which ascribes racism to a process that does not contain it. But, more importantly, it’s an ultimately self-defeating notion, which negates some of the most fundamental principles of equality and human rights. As evident, white privilege has existed as the power of normal in American society. That is why they remain so popular. For example, the majority of grocery store stocking a variety of food options that reflect the cultural traditions of most white people. Arguably, the root of these problems is often ignored. These benefits are exemplary of what we may call "the intensity of typical." If open spaces and merchandise appear obliged, one race and isolate the requirements of individuals of different races into extraordinary segments, which demonstrates something underneath the surface (Kimmel & Bethany 16). In addition, there is a growing need for everyone to learn from white’s supremacies so as to improve their lives. As such, people should address affiliated discomfort and demand courageous conversations in their circles (Bonds & Inwood 724). Do not let peers get away with problematic remarks without making a serious effort to engage them. There is a need to make America more united than ever before by encouraging people to risk throe unearned benefits to benefit others in all their ways. From this research, it is evident that white privilege is a rampant challenge to the social wellbeing of all Americans. It is the high time to raise the alarm and curb the affiliated effects. Equality is very beneficial than it is the case with inequality.

Work Cited Bhopal, Kalwant. White privilege: The myth of a post-racial society. Policy Press, 2018. Bonds, Anne, and Joshua Inwood. "Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism." Progress in Human Geography 40.6 (2016): 715-733. Dottolo, Andrea L., and Ellyn Kaschak, eds. Whiteness and White Privilege in Psychotherapy. Routledge, 2018. Kimmel, Michael S. Privilege: A reader. Routledge, 2018. Kimmel, Michael S., and Bethany M. Coston. "Marginalized Masculinities and the Intersectionality of Privilege." Privilege: A Reader (2018): 16. McIntosh, Peggy. "White privilege and male privilege." Privilege. Routledge, 2018. 28-40.

Organic Chemistry Lab Report 3 Experiment VII: Separation of three organic compounds.. Title: The Separation of Three Organic Compounds by Acid-Base Reactions, a Liquid-Liquid Extractions. Molecules:

Abstract: During this laboratory, we performed the separation of three organic compounds, an acid (Benzoic acid), a base (Ethyl para-aminobenzoate *a.k.a. Benzocaine) and a neutral compound (9- Fluorenone). In order to reach this separation, we used the other liquid-liquid extraction name: the acid-base reactions and the liquid-liquid extraction. We have seen the liquid-liquid extraction before, however it was based on polarity. In this lab, we performed the second one, based on acid-base. This process is used to separate a basic compound (benzocaine) from an organic mixture. However, it is also used to separate the acid from different compounds. The use of an acid (ex: hydrochloric acid) or a base (ex: sodium hydroxide) is necessary in order to perform the reactions. To start, we had 55 mg of both 9-fluorene and benzocaine, and 54mg of benzoic acid. At the end of the experience, we had 22 mg of benzoic acid, 27 mg of benzocaine and 46 mg of 9-Fluorene, showing a percent recovery of 41%, 49% and 84%. In addition, we used the machine called the “melting point apparatus” in order to find the melting point of each compound. I found Benzoic acid: 121.5ºC, Benzocaine: 88.5ºC, and 9-fluorene: 79.8ºC Procedure: We have followed the procedure from the textbook “Organic Chemistry I” written by Zachary J. Poulos (Poulos,Z. J., Organic Chemistry I - “A Laboratory Manual for the Health Science Major,” Fall 2018; Hayden-McNeil; Plymouth, MI, 2018. pp 106-111. As differences, we did not mass ourselves the benzoic acid and the 9-Fluorene, instead they were given by the instructor. In addition, instead of starting with 50 mg of each compound, I started with 54mg, 55mg and 55mg. The difference does not make any differences because my ratio is still almost 1:1:1. Otherwise, we followed everything. Reactions: (drew by hand.) 	Protonation of benzocaine to benzocaine hydrochloride.

Deprotonation of the benzocaine hydrochloride to reform benzocaine.

Deprotonation of benzoic acid to sodium benzoate.

Protonation of the sodium benzoate to form benzoic acid.

Data and Calculations: COMPOUND	INITIAL MASS (mg)	FINAL MASS (mg)	MELTING POINT (ºC)	PERCENT RECOVERY (%) Benzoic Acid	54 mg	22 mg	121.5ºC	41% Benzocaine	55 mg	27 mg	88.6ºC	49% 9-Fluorene 	55 mg	36 mg	79.8ºC	65%

I compare my results of melting point with the results provide in Zachary J. Poulos’ book “Organic Chemistry I” in order to seek the purity of my final compound. The result from the book are Benzoic acid 122.12ºC, Benzocaine 88-90ºC, and 9-fluorene 83.5ºC. Comparing these results to mine, I can see that my compounds seem almost 100% pure.

Discussion and Conclusion: In this experiment, lot of chemistries happen. Indeed, the first reaction where benzocaine will separate from the two other compounds by reacting with the hydrochloric acid. Through this process, the amino group in benzocaine is protonated by the hydronium ion H_3 O〖^+〗.From this, the reaction will create the conjugate acid of benzocaine and hydrochloric acid, named benzocaine hydrochloride. We performed this extraction twice (a 2×2 mL3M (molarity mol/L) HCL extraction) In order to provide more protons and so being able to separate all the benzocaine. Benzocaine hydrochloride endergo then a freebase reaction where 6M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are added. The goal behind this is to loose the proton gained during the separation from the two other compounds. The tube containing benzocaine hydrochloride is immersed into a ice-water bath in order to chill the solution. The purpose of cooling the conjugate acid is to avoid that it undergoes ester hydrolysis as well as decrease the solubility of benzocaine which will lead to an increase of the percent isolation. The final compound undergoes finally a vacuum filtration with possibility of reusing the mother liquor to help rinsing it. In another time, the remaining part of the first tube contains benzoic acid and 9-fluorene will go through a different reaction in order to separate the acid and the neutral compounds. In this case, we directly added sodium hydroxide. The purpose is that the base NaOH will react with the benzoic acid. Benzoic acid will be deprotonated by the hydroxide ion. Two immiscible phases appear with at the top the final product of the acid-base reaction which is the conjugate base, name sodium benzoate and the bottom part with still the neutral compound 9-fluorene. The conjugate base is then mixed with hydrochloric acid in order to get back to its acid around a pH 2. Sodium benzoate is protonated and its conjugate acid will be benzoic acid. Ice-water bath is also used in this experiment in order to complete the precipitation of benzoic acid. Finally, we also used vacuum filtration in order to separate the solid and liquid part of the solution. Water is used to make sure that everything is passing through the vacuum filtration, however, water plays a role of spectator because it does not influence the reaction. In our final case, we have the separation and isolation of the last compound: 9-fluorene. Indeed we first washed it with water(H_2 O)in order to remove the excess of sodium hydroxide. As we know, 9-fluorenone is not soluble in water, however sodium hydroxide is soluble in water. From that, two immiscible phases form with the top one containing water and sodium hydroxide and the bottom organic layer containing dissolve 9-fluorene. This dissolved compound will then dry of water because some may have mixed with it (around 3%). For that, we used granulated, anhydrous sodium sulfate (〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_4). The principle is that the salt will dry the water. Finally, the final liquid is undergoing gravity filtration through a column of anhydrous sodium sulfate. This column does two things: the first one is that it acts as a last line of drying defense while for the second utility is that it filters undesired solids. I have compared my results with some of my classmate and we got roughly the same amount at the end. However, one thing crossed my mind: the neutral compound does not react in any way, however we lost some of it at the end of the experiences. Indeed, from 54 mg of benzoic acid, we collected 22 mg, which makes sense because some of them were used for the acid-base reaction. We have roughly the same ratio for benzocaine. However, we did not use any 9-fluorene to reacts with anything, but still we lost some. This looses of product can be assimilated to errors made. As source of errors, I think that one of the primary is when we separated the two phase, some of the unwanted product ended up in the pipette. Secondly, I would say that when I vacuum filtered, some of the product may be left on the erlenmeyers. Finally, when I had to transfer the product from the filtration to the aluminium dishes, some of it dropped on the table. Analysing the IR spectrum for each compounds was not really difficult due to the fact that they, for all three have similars groups. Indeed, all three of them have a C=O stretch at 1678 for Benzoic acid, 1711 for 9-fluorene and 1679 for benzocaine. In addition, all three have a ring C=C stretch from 1400 to 1600. The last common point that they have, it is the =C-Hoop bend from 650 to 800. Now, for the different groups, benzoic acid has a O-H stretch from 2555 to 3071 and a C-O stretch at 1289. Benzocaine too possess the C-O stretch at 1273. However, benzocaine has also ann amino group N-H stretch from 3222 to 3454, a C-N stretch from 1109 to 1123 and finally a 〖sp〗^3from 2900 to 2984. The only difference for 9-fluorene, is the C-H stretch at 3060 and 3396. (IR provided on the hard copy paper).

Extractions and Acid-Base Reactions in the Separation of Organic Compounds Molecules:

Abstract: In this practical, a neutral compound, a base and an acid as organic compounds were separated. These three compounds included 9-Fluorenone, Benzocaine or Ethyl para-aminobenzoate and Benzoic acid respectively. We employed the liquid-liquid extraction and acid-base reaction method to achieve the separation aforementioned. The liquid-liquid extraction employed in this practical was based on acid-base and not polarity. It should be noted that this extraction process is used to separate the acid from several compounds and also basic compounds from a mixture involving an organic compound. It is fundamental to use a base or an acid in this reaction. Where in the former sodium hydroxide may be used while in the later hydrochloric acid. The three organic compounds were weighed before the experiment and after the separation the percentage recovery and melting points were recorded as follows; 84% and7 9.8ºC, 49% and 88.5ºC and lastly 41% and 121.5ºC representing 9-Fluorene, benzocaine and benzoic acid respectively. Procedure: The steps in this experiment were adopted from a laboratory manual from Organic Chemistry 1. There were small variations as we were supposed to measure the masses of 9-Flourine and benzoic acid but the they were provided by the laboratory technician. Also, there were disparities in the weight of the compounds used as we used 54 mg, 55 mg and 55 mg instead of 50 mg as given in the manual. Even though there were slight differences, we still maintained the ratio of 1:1:1. Reactions: (drew by hand.) 1.	Formation of conjugate acid from protonation of benzocaine. 2.	Reformation of benzocaine from deprotonation of the conjugate acid.. 3.	Formation of conjugate base from deprotonation of benzoic acid. 4.	Formation of benzoic acid from protonation of the conjugate base. Data and Calculations: Compound Mass (Mg) Melting Point (ºc)

Recovery (%) Initial	Final	Observed	Theoritical 9-Fluorene 	55 .0	36 .0	79.8	83.5	65.0 Benzocaine	55 .0	27 .0	88.6	88-90	49.0 Benzoic Acid	54.0	22 .0	121.5	122.12	41.0 Regarding the melting point of the three separated organic compounds with the theoretical melting pint in the laboratory manual reveals a negligible deviation. This implies that the products were close to 100% pure. Discussion and Conclusion: This experiment involves several mechanisms. To start with hydrochloric acid is reacted with the mixture of the organic compounds leading to the separation of benzocaine. In this first step, there is the first protonation of an amino group in the separated compound by the hydronium ion. This leads to formation of an acid conjugate referred to as benzocaine hydrochloride. This extraction is done two times so that almost all of the benzocaine is separated and also to provide more protons for the reaction. In the second step, the acid conjugate formed is then reacted with concentrated sodium hydroxide. The concentration of this base is taken at 6 moles/litre. The primary objective at this step is to lose the gained proton in step 1. An ice-water bath is used to cool the solution in the tube with the acid conjugate. This process is done for two reasons; lower the solubility of benzocaine and to prevent ester hydrolysis reaction from taking place. After which the contents of the tube are filtered using vacuum filtration method where the mother liquor may be reused to aid in rinsing. The remaining two compounds, that of 9-Flourine and benzoic acid are taken through several reactions for the two compounds to be separated. Therefore, sodium hydroxide is directly added to this mixture. This leads to a neutralization reaction as the acid reacts with the base. In this case, the hydroxide ion deprotonated the benzoic acid. After which the solution forms two immiscible layers. The upper layer is that of sodium benzoate as the conjugate base which resulted from the neutralization reaction and the lower layer containing the 9-Flourine as a neutral compound. The upper layer is separated and missed with hydrochloric acid in the bid to regain its acidic nature at pH 2. This process protonated the conjugate base and the resulting conjugate acid will be that of benzoic acid which will precipitate out when placed in an ice-water bath. TO separate the solid and liquid part, vacuum filtration method is used. Water is used as a spectator in the vacuum filtration step to ensure that everything passes through filtration. Lastly, the neutral compound 9-Flourene is separated. The sodium hydroxide that did not react is first washed off using water. Water is used as a reagent here because sodium hydroxide is soluble in water while 9-Flourene is insoluble. After addition of water, a mixture is formed with two layers. The lower organic layer contains the dissolved 9-Flourene while the upper layer is that of sodium hydroxide and water. Thereafter, anhydrous sodium sulphate is used to dry water since a small percentage of about 3% of the 9-Flourene may have mixed with water. The product is then passed through columns containing anhydrous sodium sulfate for gravity filtration. This column performs two tasks as it filters the undesired solids and also acts as a drying agent. When I compared my experimental results with other student, our values had small deviations. I was intrigued by the fact that the mass of 9-Flourene changed and yet it is a neutral compound which did not react with any of the reagents. The other two compound must reduce in mass because they reacted with the reagents in the experiment. The loss of some grams of 9-Flourene may be attributed to errors during the experiment process. Some of the neutral compound may be deposited in the vacuum filters, when we were separating the two phases some of the neutral compounds may have ended up in the pipette and a small amount of the compound dropped on the table before weighing and thus not accounted for in the final mass. Since all the three compounds separated in this experiment had similar functional group, there IR spectrum was easy. In this regard, all of them have a ring C=C group at a wavelength starting from 1400 cm-1 to 1600 cm-1. In addition, benzocaine has a C=O at a wavelength of 1679 cm-1, benzocaine at 1678 cm-1 and 9-Flourene at 1711 cm-1. However, each compound has a unique group: a C-O group at 1273, an sp^3 carbon occurring from 2900 to 2984, carbon to nitrogen group from 1109 to 1123, and an amino group starting at 3222 to 3454 for benzocaine; a stretch of C-O occurring at 1289 and an O-H from 2555 to 3071 for benzoic acid and lastly C-H group for 9-Flourene appearing at 3060 and 3396.

Isopentyl Acetate through Fischer Esterification Abstract The primary aim of this practical was to demonstrate the esterification process. In this case, isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid are used to obtain isopentyl acetate. Two drying agents; cobalt (II) chloride in the anhydrous form and silica gel are introduced in a beaker that was put on sand bath having concentrated sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and isopentyl alcohol and is connected to a condenser. To create a dry atmosphere at the top of the condenser, desiccants of calcium chloride were used. After 90 minutes, the contents are washed in a cultured tube with saturated sodium bicarbonate and diethyl ether. The organic layer is then removed by liquid-liquid extraction method after which it is dried using anhydrous sodium sulphate. The excess water and ether that was introduced for quantitative reasons are evaporated in a sand bath. Lastly, the ester from this reaction weighted 768 mg which represent a yield of 80%. Procedure The steps followed in this experiment was obtained the laboratory manual with slightly minor changes. These changes included the use a 10 mL round bottomed flask in place of 5 mL reaction vial in the laboratory manual, the use of plastic pipette to add sulphuric acid instead of glass Pasteur pipette and the drying process was enhanced as we placed the cultured tubes into hot sand bath instead of waiting for 7 days to dry the ether. Data Mass	Quantity (mg) Empty culture tube	11550 Culture tube with product	12318 Experimental yield	768 Theoretical yield	957 Calculations Experimental yield Theoretical Yield Percentage yield Discussion and Conclusion In the formation of an ester, an alkyl group replaces a hydroxyl group in a carboxylic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid which acts as speeds up the rate of the reaction. Therefore, one needs a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The former was taken as acetic acid and the later as isopentyl. The reaction starts when the carboxylic acid is protonated. The catalyst in this experiment is employed to protonate oxygen that is found in the alcohol to form a positively charged ion of alkoxonium. A protonated carboxylic acid is then formed when the hydrogen in the alkoxonium ion is removed by the double bonded oxygen on the acetic acid. After which a nucleophilic reaction takes place where the alcohol is added to the protonated acetic acid which is followed by several steps of hydrogen transfer. The alcohol gets attached to main carbon during the reaction forming a positively charged acetic acid. Then, the alcohol that is in the surrounding environment of the reaction removes one hydrogen from the connected alcohol. The hydrogen from the then protonated alkoxonium ion combines with the OH on the acetic acid. This step creates a slightly positive charge on the oxygen that is then released by an atom of carbon. The final product of this reaction is a carboxylate ester and hydroxonium ion. The ester is referred to as isopentyl acetate. The removal of a water molecule favors formation of an ester in accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle. This is essential since it means that the whole reaction can be reversed. Therefore, to favor the formation of the desired ester, certain reagents should be used which cause the decrease in the product. In this experiment, acetic is added in excess because isopentyl is taken as the limiting reagent. There are many drying agents that can be used to remove water from this reaction. Some of them include silica beads and anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride among others. We began the experiment by adding 4 drops of sulfuric acid ,1.5 mL acetic acid, 800 uL of isopentyl alcohol and 8 beads of silica gel at the same time in a 10 mL round bottom beaker. It is worth noting that since one of the products in this experiment was water, the silica gel beads were used primarily to absorbed water as the reaction progresses. After which a spine vane was introduced before the round bottom beaker was put in the condenser. Anhydrous calcium chloride was placed on top of the condenser to maximize water absorption and reduce the loss of isopentyl by providing a dry environment. The beaker was introduced into the sand bath in a hot plate was adjusted to have a spin speed of 4 and allowed to settle there for a period of one and a half hours. After this time had elapsed, the apparatus was disintegrated and the resulting product put in a cultured tube. Inside the cultured tube, 2 mL of sodium bicarbonate was used after the mixture had been made to separate into two layers. The bottom layer was composed of aqueous layer while its upper counterpart ethereal organic. It is worth noting that the ester is soluble in the top layer which is separated and introduced into a new cultured tube where the same amount of sodium bicarbonate is used to necessitate the liquid-liquid process of extraction. This process is repeated three times but in each repeated case, 1 mL of diethyl ether is added to compensate for the volume. Sodium sulfate was used to dry the final layer of ethereal organic two times through Pasteur pipette by granules. Due to time, I introduced the cultured tube inside the sand bath to dry the final product of the reaction weighed 768 mg. The final product of this experiment had a smell of bananas and was yellow in color. Comparing the experimental and the theoretical yield, it is evident that there were several errors since I obtained a percentage yield of approximately 80%. However, my yield was higher that all the other students in the laboratory. The errors in my case are attributed to human errors. Some of these errors include the loss of some organic layer while transferring it to a new cultured tube, the timing was a little bit off as the solution was either undercooked or overcooked at the beginning of the practical during heating on a sand bath and loss of some products during drying of the organic layer. In the IR spectrum, we have a carbonyl occurring at 1705 cm-1, a broad large peak at 2556 cm-1and 3038 cm-1 characteristic of a carboxyl group in acetic acid. On the other hand, at a wavelength of 3323 cm-1 there is a peak representing O-H group, two peaks at a wavelength of 1367 and 1385 cm-1 due to isopropyl, methylene and methyl have a bending vibration at 1466 and three peaks at a wavelength between 2958 and 2872 cm-1 attributed to the carbon to hydrogen group in IR spectrum of isopentyl. Lastly, in isopentyl acetate IR spectrum, the isopropyl group shows three peaks at a wavelength between 1467 and 1365 cm-1, a C-O group shows its huge peak at 1232 cm-1 and the remaining C-H groups have similar wavelength as that exhibited in the IR spectrum of isopentyl.

Experiment IX Fischer Esterification of Acetic Acid with Isopentyl Alcohol

Abstract The experiment was carried out to Fischer esterification of acetic acid and with Isopentyl alcohol in order to form Isopentyl acetate. In the process,800 ul of the Isopentyl and 1.5 ml of glacial acetic acid in a 5.0ml reaction through 4 drops of sulphuric acid was used to speed up the rate of the reaction. The stirred while being heated at a reflux for about 90minutes. In order to separate aqueous and organic layers,sodium bicarbonate was used, this was meant to allow extraction of organic layer which contained the acid. The product was later dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate. The product obtained weighed 844mg. The theoretical yield which is assumed to be 957 mg gives a percentage yield of 88.2%. Procedure The experiment was done by using 800 ul to Isopentyl alcohol and 1.5 ml glacial acetic acid. In order to absorb the water formed, 10 blue silica beads were used. In the process of extraction, two aliquots of ET2O was used since the organic volume decreased. To quicken drying time,the product was heated in sand bath under fume bold.

Reactions

Isopentyl Alcohol      Acetic Acid     Sulfuric Acid (Cat.)         Isopentyl Acetate               Water Data & Calculations Table 1. Recorded and Calculated Values Mass of Tared Culture Tube	11,297 mg Mass of Culture Tube w/Product	12,141 mg Mass of Isopentyl Acetate Recovered	844 mg Theoretical Yield	957 mg Percent Yield	88.2% MW of Isopentyl Alcohol	88.15 mg/mmol MW of Isopentyl Acetate	130.19 mg/mmol

Mass of Isopentyl Acetate Recovered = (Mass of culture tube w/product) – (mass of tared culture tube) (12,141 mg) – (11,297 mg) = 844 mg Mmol of Isopentyl Alcohol = (Mass of isopentyl alcohol) / (MW of isopentyl alcohol) (648 mg) / (88.15 mg/mmol) = 7.35 mmol Theoretical Yield (Isopentyl Acetate) (mmol of isopentyl acetate) * (MW of isopentyl acetate) (7.35 mmol) * (130.19 mg/mmol) = 957 mg % Yield (recovered mass / theoretical mass) * 100% (844 mg) / (957 mg) = 88.2%

Infrared Spectrum Figure 1. Infrared Spectrum of Isopentyl Alcohol Figure 2. Infrared Spectrum of Acetic Acid

Figure 3. Infrared Spectrum of Isopentyl Acetate

Discussion Through this experiment isopentyl acetate was was obtained as the product after the  reaction of  glacial acetic acid and Isopentyl alcohol. The 800 µl of Isopentyl alcohol was mixed with 1.5 mL of glacial acetic acid in a 5.0 mL reaction vial. 10 beads of silica gel was used to help absorb water which is a product of the after the reaction had taken place. Sulfuric acid was used to speed up the rate of the reaction. Before mixing takes place,  drops  sulfuric acid which may be 4 were  dispensed into the reaction via  a plastic from disposable pipette. The protocol required the use of spin vane made of magne but none was used in this trial. Silica beads used in the reaction vial made it possible to  mix the solution. The condenser was also connected to another condenser of water-jacketed reflux. In the end of the reflux condenser there  was anhydrous calcium chloride which was meant  give rise to a dry environment to demarcate the loss of isopentyl acetate so as  to have high level of  water absorption. The hot plate was also heated and its setting was  turned up to 7. The solution was refluxed for a duration of about 90 minutes. The contents of the reaction vial was later placed into a clean culture tube after refluxing. Two aliquots of sodium bicarbonate were added to the solution.In order to separate the  aqueous layers of the mixture and the organic 2.0 ml of sodium bicarbonate was used. The aqueous layer was disposed after extraction. Since this was done twice, there two aliquots. So as to compensate for the loss of organic volume during quenching two aliquots of 10.0 ml diethyl ether were used. The anhydrous sodium sulphate was used to dry up the organic layer which is also heated up in a sand bath as a way of quickening the drying process. Once dried, the product was massed and 844 mg of isopentyl acetate was recovered. Fisher Esterification occurs in a number steps. The Sulphuric acid is used to speed up the protonation of  the oxygen in the  alcoho thus creating a alkoxonium ion that is positively charged. The double bonded contained in the  oxygen on the carboxylic acid    later takes the hydrogen from  the  ion of alkoxonium, leading to a carboxylic acid that is protonated. The next step is where we have  nucleophilic additional  of the alcohol to the  carboxylic acid already proponated. Afterwards, there is a series of hydrogen transfers occurs. The alcohol which attaches itself to the main carbon of the carboxylic acid  gets positively charged. The alcohol that surround the  molecules later takes  the hydrogen from the  alcohol connected to it. The group of O- H which is  on the carboxylic acid  removes hydrogen from  alkoxonium ion which is protonated formed in the previous ste. This leads to creation of a  charge that is positively charged  on the oxygen  which is released  from the carbon atom. The end product is carboxylate ester and hydronium. The carboxylic ester formed in this experiment is isopentyl acetate. In this reaction, water is also a product and it is absorbed by the silica gel beads. The absorption of water helps  the reaction to be push the equilibrium to the right. From Le Chatelier’s principle, removing water, a product, will favor formation of the ester. The product of isopentyl acetate was   yellowish in color and had a  smel which was slightly like bananas. The mass of isopentyl acetate that was recovered  in this experiment carried out  was 844 mg. After calculating  the theoretical yield, the product was 957 mg which gave  a yield of 88.2% yiels. This is very high putting consideration this is an experiment based on microscale. Despite having high percent of recovery, the lost  of 12% was indeed due to error. The error might have resulted when the solution was being transferred from the reaction vial after heating into the culture tube. The transfer would give  a lower percentage of recovery since what remained  of the organic material might have been  be left  in the reaction vial. Refluxing of the solution might have resulted to the bigger error. If the mixture was refluxed for a longer time, the contents in the reaction vial would have been given the opportunity to react fully. More product would also correlate to a yield of high percentage of the product instead of that the drying process went very smoothly. In the infrared spectrum of acetic acid, There is a large belly peak 3038 cm-1 to 2556 cm-1,  in the infrared spectrum of acetic acid. This relates to the group of  carboxyl while  in the  acetic acid, this is caused by stretching of  hydrogen bonded dimer  which result  in a broad and complex range as opposed to   series of sharp stretches. We also have a peak of caboxyl  at 1705 cm-1. There is broad peak at 3323 cm-1 which also corresponds  O-H that is stretched of the alcohol. There are also three peaks that corresponds to  the C-H stretch of the  group of alkyl f rom the 2871 cm-1 to 2958 cm-1 stretch. At 1466 cm-1. we have a vibration for  methyl and methylene,two peaks at 1385 cm-1 and 1367 cm-1 which is similar to an isopropyl group. For isopentyl acetate, there are three peaks from 2958 cm-1 to 2873 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H stretching on the alkyl group. At 1739 cm-1, there is a sharp peak which correspond to the ester-carbonyl group. In the alkyl portion, there are similar peaks from 1467 cm-1 to 1365 cm-1, which indicates an isopropyl group. There is a huge peak at 1232 cm-1, which associated with the single bond stretching of C-O on the carbonyl.

Experiment IX Acetic Acid Fischer Esterification by Isopentyl Alcohol Abstract The test was aimed at conducting an esterification reaction between isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid which could lead to formation of isopentyl acetate. during this reaction, 800.0 ul of the Isopentyl and 2.50 ML glacial acid in reaction tube of 5ML, sulphuric acid was also used in the experiment to speed up the rate of reaction of the reagents. The reagents were stirred and heated at the same time give a reflux for a duration of about 90minutes. To separate aqueous from organic layers, sodium bicarbonate was used, this was meant to allow extraction of the layer of organic which contained the acid. The product formed passed through a chamber that contained anhydrous sodium sulphate for it to dry. The obtained product weighed 844mg. The yield which is theoretically assumed to be 957 mg gave a percentage of 88.2% yield. Procedure In order to remove the water formed, beads of silica were used. Since the organic volume decreased, ET2O was used in the process of extraction. Product obtained was later heated overland bath and in a fume chamber bold in order speed up the drying process.

Reactions

Calculations of Data used Table 1. Data Culture Tube 	11,297.0 g Mass of Product within the Culture Tube 	12,141.0 g Mass Recovered of Acetate 	844.0 g Estimated Yields	957.0 g Yields in Percentage	88.20 % Alcohol 	88.150 g Acetate	130.190 g

Isopentyl Acetate that was recovered = Mas contained s in the untared culture tube – mass contained in the tared culture tube 12 141.0  – 11297.0 = 844.0 (Isopentyl Alcohol milligram)= The mass of alcohol (divided) MW alcohol 648.0 ÷ 88.15  = 7.350 Isopentyl Acetate’s Theoretical yield Mg of acetate × MW of acetate 7.350 × 130.190 = 957.0 Yield in percentage The mass recovered ÷ theoretical mass x 100% 844.0mg ÷ 957.0mg = 88.20%

The Infrared Spectrum

Diagram 1 above. Isopentyl Alcohol IS

Diagram 2 above. Acetic Acid IS

Diagram 3 above. Isopentyl Acetate IS Argument Isopentyl acetate came out as the product after the reaction of glacial acetic acid with alcohol of Isopentyl. Sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst in the experiment. Before the reagents were mixed, drops of sulfuric acid which may be 4 were dispensed into the reaction in a plastic from disposable pipette. The protocol required  use of spin vane made of magne but it was not used. The beads of silica used made it possible to the solutions to mix. Condenser was also connected to another condenser that contained reflux of jacketed water. In the condenser where refluxing is occurring, there is an anhydrous calcium chloride which is  meant  in  providing  conditions  that are  free from moisture to demarcate  loss of isopentyl acetate so as  to have high level of  water absorption. The hot plate was also heated and it was raised To 7. This solutions were then refluxed in a duration of about 90 minutes. The contents that were in the vial of reaction was later placed into a culture tube which was clean after refluxing had been done. Two aliquots of Na2CO3 were added to separate the layers of the mixture and the organic material. 2.0 ml of sodium carbonate was used. Aqueous layer was disposed after extraction. Since this was done twice, there two aliquots. Fisher esterification process occurs through a number of steps. The Sulphuric acid is used to speed up the protonation of the oxygen in the alcohol thus creating an alkoxonium ion that is positively charged. The double bonded contained in the  oxygen in the carboxyl acid later eliminate hydrogen from the ion of alkoxonium leading to a carboxylic acid that is protonated. The next step is where we have nucleophilic additional of alcohol in the  acid that was already proponated. Alcohol which attaches itself to the acid is charged positively. Alcohol that surrounds the molecules later takes hydrogen from the alcohol that is connected to it. The group of O - H which is  in the carboxylic acid  removes  hydrogen that is in alkoxonium ion which is protonated formed in the previous step  This leads to creation of  a  charge that is positively charged  in  the oxygen  that is released  from  carbon atom. The acid formed is isopentyl acetate. In this reaction, water is one of the products and it is absorbed by beads of silica gel. The water absorption helps the reaction pushes the equilibrium towards right. Based on the principle of Le Chatelier’s, through eliminating water, the formation of the ester will be favored. The product was yellowish and had a smell which was slightly like that of a ripe banana. The mass of acetate that was recovered was about  eight hundred and forty four milligrams. After calculating the produce of the product, exactly 957 mg which lead to a yield of  about 88.2% yields was obtained. The very high loss putting consideration this is an experiment that is based on micro scale. Despite having high percent of recovery, 12% loss was indeed due to the error. The error might have resulted when the solution was being transferred from the vial after it was heated into the tube. The transfer would give a lower percentage of recovery since what remained of organic material might have been be left within the reaction vial. Refluxing of the solution might have resulted to the bigger error. If the mixture was refluxed for a long time, the content that is in vial would have an opportunity to react fully. In the range of acids, there is an enormous pinnacle that reaches from 3038 cm-1to 2556 cm-1, This is identified with carboxyl yet in the corrosive, it is brought about by dimer of fortified hydrogen which has been extended and has come about to a perplexing item run rather than extends which are sharp. What's more we another pinnacle of carboxyl particle at 1705.0 cm-1. We have top at 3323.0 cm-1which directly relates to the O-H that is of the liquor that has been extended. We additionally have three pinnacles which are relating to The stretch between carbon hydrogen bond in the alkyl,which range between 2871.0 cm-1 and 2958.0 cm-1 stretch. At point 1466.0 cm-1, the Methyl and methylene vibrates, the two tops at 1385.0 cm-1 and 1367 cm-1 are like an isopropyl. For isopentyl, we have three tops from 2958.0 cm-1to 2873.0 cm-1 Comparing with the carbon hydrogen bond which extends in the structure of the alkyl . At 1739.0 cm-1, a pinnacle is observed that is without a doubt sharp is relating to the ester - carbonyl. When we come to the alkyl parcel, we find a pinnacle that is enormous at 1232.0 cm-1, Enormous and is related to a single bond extending on the carbon oxygen bond on the carbonyl besides,there are tops that are comparative in nature from 1467.0 cm-1to 1365.0 cm-1, demonstrating a gathering of isopropyl.