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=Pull Apart Basin=

Introduction
In geology, a basin is a region where subsidence generates accommodation space for the deposition of sediments. A pull-apart apart basin is a structural basin where two overlapping faults or a fault bend creates an area of extension undergoing tension. This causes the basin to sink down. Frequently, the basins are rhombic or sigmoidal in shape. Dimensionally, basins are limited to the distance between the faults and the length of overlap Pull-apart basins are also referred to as overlapping-tension-zones (OTZ)

Mechanics and Fault Configuration
The inhomogeneity and structural complexity of continental crust causes faults to deviate from a straight course and frequently causes bends or step-overs in fault paths. Bends and step-overs of adjacent faults become favorable locations for extensional and compressional stress or transtension and transpression stress, if the shear motion is oblique. Pull-apart basins form in extensional to transtensional environments along fault bends or between two adjacent left-lateral faults or two right-lateral faults. The step-over or bend in the fault must be the same direction as sense of motion on the fault otherwise the area will be subject to transpression.

For example, two overlapping left lateral fault must have a left-step-over to create a pull-apart basin. This is illustrated in the accompanying figures.

A regional strike slip fault is referred to as a principle displacement zone (PDZ). Connecting the tips of step over faults to the opposite fault are bounding basin sidewall faults. Recent sandbox models have shown that the geometry and evolution of pull-apart basins varies greatly in pure-strike slip situations versus transtensional settings. Transtensional settings are believed to generate greater surface subsidence than pure-strike slip alone.

Examples
Two famous localities for continental pull-apart basins are the Dead Sea and Salton Sea. Pull-apart basins are amenable to research because sediments deposited in the basin provide a timeline of activity along the fault. The Salton Sea is a juvenile pull-apart located in a step-over between the dextral San Andreas Fault and the Imperial Fault. Displacement on the fault is approximately 6 cm/yr. The current transtensional state generates normal growth faults and some strike slip motion. The growth faults in the region strike N15E, have steep dips (~70 deg), and vertical displacements of 1-4 mm/yr. Eight large slip events have occurred on these faults with throw ranging from 0.2-1.0 meters. These produce earthquakes greater than magnitude six and are responsible for the majority of extension in the basin and consequently thermal anomalies, subsidence, and localization of rhyolite buttes

Economic Significance
Pull-apart basins represent an important exploration target for oil and gas, porphyry copper mineralisation, and geothermal fields. The Matzen fault system in the Matzen Oil field has been recast as extensional grabens produced by pull apart basins. The Dead Sea has been studied extensively and thinning of the crust in pull-aparts may generate differential loading and instigate salt-diapirs to rise, a popular trap for hydrocarbons. Likewise intense deformation and rapid subsidence and deposition in pull-aparts creates numerous structural and stratigraphic traps, enhancing their viability as hydrocarbon reservoirs.

The shallow extensional regime of pull apart basins also facilitates the emplacement of felsic intrusive rocks with high copper mineralisation. It is believed to be the main structural control on the giant Escondida Deposit in Chile. Geothermal fields are located in pull-aparts in the same reason due to the high heat flow associated with rising magmas.