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There have also been findings of differences in the size and structure of certain brain areas in schizophrenia. A 2006 metaanlaysis of imaging studies found that whole brain and hippocampal volume are reduced and that ventricular volume is increased in patients with a first psychotic episode relative to healthy controls.

However, this has not proven particularly reliable on the level of the individual person, with considerable variation between patients. More recent studies have shown various differences in brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia. While brain structure changes have been found in people diagnosed with schizophrenia who have never been treated with antipsychotic drugs, unpublished research of Nancy Andreasen suggests that the neuroleptic drugs themselves are associated with additional loss of brain tissue. Published research in this area only supports Adreasen's hypothesis only for typical antipsychotics, whereas studies in non-human primates also found this effect for atypical antipsychotics.