User:Xcentaur/Fibro

Ledderhose's Disease, also known as Morbus Ledderhose, plantar fibromatosis, and plantar aponeurosis, is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the feet's deep connective tissue, or fascia. In the beginning, where nodules or cords start growing along tendons of the foot, the disease is minor, or not painful. Eventually, however, the cords thicken, the toes stiffen and bend, and walking becomes painful. The disease is named after Dr. Georg Ledderhose, a German surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 1894. A similar disease is Dupuytren's disease, which affects the hand and causes bent hand or fingers.

As in most forms of fibromatosis, it is usually benign and its onset varies with each patient. The nodules are typically slow growing and most often found in the central and medial portions of the plantar fascia. Occasionally, the nodules may lie dormant for months to years only to begin rapid and unexpected growth. It need only be surgically removed if discomfort hinders walking.

Although the origin of the disease is unknown, there is speculation that it is an aggressive healing response to small tears in the plantar fascia, almost as if the fascia over-repairs itself following an injury. DNA instructs the fascia how to grow. The disease is caused due to abnormal DNA of the fascial cells, causing them to repeatedly produce abnormal tissue.

Symptoms and Identification

 * Images here of normal foot and external nodulated foot
 * Images of MRI

Plantar fibromatosis is most frequently present on the medial border of the sole, near the highest point of the arch. The lump is usually painless and the only pain experienced is when the nodule rubs on the shoe or floor. The overlying skin is freely movable, and contracture of the toes does not occur in the initial stages.

The typical appearance of plantar fibromatosis on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a poorly defined, infiltrative mass in the aponeurosis next to the plantar muscles. MRI is effective in showing the extent of the lesion, but cannot reveal the tissue composition. Even then, recognition of the imaging characteristics of plantar fibromatoses can help in the clinical diagnosis.

Only 25% of patients show symptoms on both feet (bilateral involvement). The disease may also infiltrate the dermis or very rarely the flexor tendon sheath.

Risk Factors
The histological and ultrastructural features of Ledderhose and Dupuytren's disease are the same, which supports the hypothesis that they have a common etiology and pathogenesis. As with Dupuytren's disease, the root cause(s) of Ledderhose's disease are not yet understood. It is a genetically inherited disease, passed as a dominant trait and of variable occurrence within families, ie. the genes necessary for it may remain dormant for a generation or more and then surface in an individual, or be present in multiple individuals in the same generation with varying degree.

There are certain identified risk factors. The disease is more commonly associated with -
 * A family history of the disease
 * Higher incidence in males
 * Palmar fibromatosis 10-65% of the time.
 * Peyronie's disease
 * Epilepsy patients
 * Patients of diabetes mellitus

There is also a suspected, although unproven, link between incidence and alcoholism, smoking, liver diseases, thyroid problems, and stressful work involving the feet.

Treatment
There are no known proven treatments for the disease except surgery. Based on the stage of advancement of the disease, the treatment varies.

Initial stages
In the early stages, when the nodule is single and/or smaller, it is recommended to avoid direct pressure to the nodule(s). Soft inner soles on footwear and padding may be helpful. As the nodules are benign, they need only be surgically removed if discomfort hinders walking.

Advanced stages

 * what done after - patient is told to do what? recovery time?
 * what about recurrence after surgery?
 * images

Using electron microscopy and DNA analysis, physicians can differentiate between normal fascia and abnormal fascia. By removing all the abnormal plantar fascia with a wide margin of normal fascia, surgeons at Brown University have had excellent results in treating plantar fibromatosis. However the surgery is technically very difficult.

Surgery of Ledderhose's disease is difficult because tendons, nerves, and muscles are located very closely to each other. Additionally, feet have to carry heavy load, and surgery might have unpleasant side effects, such as limping or preventing walking altogether. If surgery is performed, the biopsy is predominantly cellular and frequently misdiagnosed as fibrosarcoma. Since the diseased area (lesion) is not encapsulated, clinical margins are difficult to define. As such, portions of the diseased tissue may be left in the foot after surgery. Inadequate excision is the leading cause of recurrence.

treatment of Dupuytren's contracture The continuous elongation technique, pioneered by Doctors Messina and Messina of Turin, Italy, appears to enhance both short- and long-term results. A device is affixed to a bone in the hand or foot to provide a steady, painless stretching of the contracting fascia. This preparatory step is used in severe cases before excision of the affected fascia. end treatment of Dupuytren's contracture

Post-surgical radiation treatment may decrease recurrence. There has also been variable success in preventing recurrence by administering gadolinium. Skin grafts have been shown to control recurrence of the disease.

Non-surgical treatments
High potency topical steroid ointments may be of some benefit. Cortisone injections, such as Triamcinolone, and clobetasol ointments have been shown to stall the progression of the disease temporarily, although the results are subjective and large-scale studies far from complete. The nonsurgical treatments, radiotherapy and injections of superoxide dismutase, have proven to be unsuccessful in curing the disease.

Recent studies using collagenase injections have been promising, which are currently in the process of FDA approval.

In few cases shock waves also have been reported to at least reduce pain and enable walking again. Recently successful treatment of Ledderhose with cryosurgery (also called cryotherapy) has been reported.