User:Xen725/Cybernetics and socialism

Socialist actors have taken much interest in cybernetics. The focus of said interest has varied throughout historical contexts, but cybernetics was a topic of much debate and discussion in the Soviet Union, and saw implementation under Allende's Chile. The debate on the role cybernetics should play in a socialist state continues to be had.

Overview
The relationship between cybernetics and socialism is complex and multifaceted. Cybernetics have been used by socialist actors to develop and support their ideals. However, socialist critics mention that cybernetics could be used to reinforce the pre-existing power structures they seek to end, and to perpetuate inequality. Ultimately, though it was historically rocky, the relationship between socialism and cybernetics eventually grew to be a largely positive one over time, where socialists view cybernetics favorably.

Cybernetics in State Socialisms
Cybernetics first began to cement itself in the 1940s, coinciding with Joseph Stalin's rule of the Soviet Union. The original Soviet debate on cybernetics centered around whether or not cybernetics even had a place in a socialist project, to which the consensus quickly became negative. One reason the reaction was negative was due to anti-American sentiment, as cybernetics originally got its start in the USA. Another reason was the application of a dialectical materialist class analysis to the sciences. In an attempt to move away from bourgeois thought, the Soviets attempted to move away from bourgeois sciences. Cybernetics was originally deemed a bourgeois pseudo-science, and thus one which had no place in a proletarian society. The result of this saw Norbert Wiener's seminal book on the topic removed from circulation in the Lenin State Library, and various anti-cybernetic arguments being made. Chief among them were the arguments that cybernetics attempted to further mechanize the human worker under capitalism, and that allowing such an idea in the Soviet Union would allow capitalist ideas to undermine socialist ones.

After Stalin's death, a cultural upheaval in de-Stalinization occurred. A re-examination of cybernetics was done as part of this, and it saw a massive boom in popularity. Its influence spread to fields such as biology, psychology, economics, and politics, though its application in a planned economy consistently remained a popular topic. Between 1962 and 1964, the Council on Cybernetics more than doubled its projects, and tripled the institutions in its scope.

To explain this ideological shift, historians have looked to the external pressure of the cold war. Similarly to the nuclear and space programs, the cybernetics program began to be seen by both the Americans and Soviets as a field of interest. This desire to not lose out in an information war played a key role in driving both capitalist and socialist cybernetics. Historians have also looked at the reframing of anti-cybernetics arguments in order to bolster public support. Instead of arguing that cybernetics was a bourgeois pseudo-science to be avoided, Soviet cyberneticists argued that such logic was a ploy to slow down the development of Soviet cybernetics such that they fell behind the rest of the world. Similar to the Soviet panic of falling behind the west, the CIA and American press felt a similar pressure from Soviet and Chilean cybernetic efforts. Under the cultural upheavals of de-Stalinization, and through the pressure of the Cold War, cybernetics established itself as an area of interest in the Soviet Union.

Though a Soviet cybernetic system was never fully realized, many systems were worked on. One of the most ambitious and important of these systems was the All-State Automated System, abbreviated as OGAS in Russian.

In Allende's Chile, Project Cybersyn was an implementation of these ideas. Project Cybersyn was a system envisioned to be a decentralized, participatory system that would allow workers and government officials to communicate in real time to make decisions about the allocation and distribution of resources. This would be achieved through a network of telex machines, located in factories and other working facilities, connected in a manner akin to today's internet. The gathered data was to be analyzed and interpreted by a software called Cyberstride, aiding the Chilean government in being more responsive to its citizens. Though destroyed in the 1973 military coup, Cybersyn saw success in its limited time being operational.

Historians have examined the reasons why Project Cybersyn was able to take hold in Chile. Chile electing a socialist president after the Soviet discussion around cybernetics turned positive, and started to develop theories, was crucial. But so too were the technological infrastructure that preceded Allende. The creation of the Corporation for the Promotion of Production (CORFO), and especially the National Telecommunication Company (ENTEL), created as a branch of CORFO created infrastructure vital to Project Cybersyn's later success.

Project Cybersyn was abandoned in 1973 due to the military coup that led to Allende's death and the toppling of his government. However, the legacy of Project Cybersyn is still relevant as a tangible example of socialist cybernetics. Historians have looked back at Project Cybersyn in an attempt to find a model of how "big data" had been utilized by a government in the past, and how a socialist cybernetic model could be used a guidepost for how technology can increase democratic participation.