User:Xophist/s6


 * Haeckel arbol bn.png Ernst Haeckel's Tree of Life, Monera, Phylogenetics, Recapitulation theory
 * Genome gradient.jpg Plant genetics
 * DNA chemical structure.svg DNA

Biological classification
Phylogenetic nomenclature (PN) or phylogenetic Taxonomy is an alternative to rank-based nomenclature, applying definitions from cladistics (or phylogenetic systematics). Its two defining features are the use of phylogenetic definitions of biological taxon names, and the lack of obligatory ranks. It is currently not regulated, but the PhyloCode (International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature) is intended to regulate it once it is ratified.
 * Taxonomy (τάξις=arrangement + νομία=method) is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a Biological classification
 * Cladistics (κλάδος="branch"), aka phylogenetic systematics
 * in Systematics, Clade is the only acceptable unit in Cladistics (κλάδος="branch")
 * Crown group
 * Phylogenetics
 * Phylogenetic nomenclature:

The terms cladism and cladist were first introduced by Ernst W. Mayr in 1965. They sometimes refer to cladistics as a whole.

Taxonomic Nomenclature

 * Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg Biological classification, Taxonomic rank, Tribe (biology)
 * Nomenclature codes
 * International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
 * International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
 * International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
 * International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Virus classification
 * Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg Linnaean taxonomy
 * Species plantarum 001.jpg Species Plantarum, Genera Plantarum

Carl Linnaeus's Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of Systema Naturae

Geologic time scale

 * Precambrian, the large span of time in Earth's history before the current Phanerozoic Eon:
 * Precambrian (4.57 Gya – 542 Mya), Phanerozoic (542 – 0 Mya)


 * The Cambrian period was named after Cambria, the Latin name for Wales, where Britain's Cambrian rocks are best exposed.
 * The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, which is the first era of the current Phanerozoic Eon


 * Phanerozoic φανερός + ζωή, meaning "visible life"
 * Paleozoic παλαιός="old" + ζωή="life", meaning "ancient life"
 * Proterozoic

Largest organisms

 * Megafauna
 * Deep-sea gigantism
 * Superorganism
 * BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg The Blue whale is the heaviest animal ever known.
 * Whale shark Georgia aquarium.jpg The largest fish is the Whale shark, a slow-moving filter feeding shark.
 * Killerwhales jumping.jpg The Orca is the largest Oceanic dolphin, Delphinidae family of order Cetacea

Genus Orcinus ("of the kingdom of the dead"). Orcus was a god of the underworld in Etruscan mythology


 * Hippo pod edit.jpg Cetruminantia
 * Waterberg Nashorn2.jpg White rhinoceros the largest odd-toed Ungulates, Rhinoceros

Ungulate means, roughly, "being hoofed" or "hoofed animal". They make up several orders of mammals, of which six to eight survive. There is some dispute as to whether Ungulata is a cladistic (evolution-based) group, or merely a phenetic group or folk taxon (similar, but not necessarily related), because not all ungulates appear as closely related as once believed. Ungulata was formerly considered an order which has since been split into: As a descriptive term, "ungulate" normally excludes cetaceans, which are now known to share a common ancestor with Artiodactyla and form the clade Cetartiodactyla with them. Members of the orders Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla are called the 'true ungulates' to distinguish them from 'subungulates' (Paenungulata) which include members from the afrotherian orders Proboscidea, Sirenia and Hyracoidea.
 * Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates),
 * Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates),
 * Tubulidentata (aardvarks),
 * Hyracoidea (hyraxes),
 * Sirenia (dugongs and manatees)
 * Proboscidea (elephants).
 * SaltwaterCrocodile('Maximo').jpg The Saltwater crocodile is the largest living Reptile.
 * Andrias japonicus pair.jpg The Giant salamander (4.7-5.9ft) is the largest surviving Amphibian. Suborder Cryptobranchoidea (krypto="hidden" + branch="lung", a reference to how the members absorb oxygen — through capillaries of their side-frills.)


 * Sunfish2.jpg The Ocean sunfish is the heaviest known bony fish

Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years old.


 * Theraphosablondi.JPG Goliath birdeater, largest spider by mass. In the Tarantula group, genus Theraphosa

The Giant huntsman spider (Heteropoda maxima) is the world's largest spider by leg-span. See Heteropoda.

Goliathus (Goliath beetle) is among the largest insects on Earth.


 * Scolopendra gigantea.jpg Scolopendra gigantea (Amazonian giant centipede). Scolopendra is a genus of centipedes of the family Scolopendridae.


 * Ceroxylon quindiuense cocora.jpg Ceroxylon quindiuense (Wax palm tree of Colombia), the tallest Monocotyledon

Angiosperms (Flowering plants) are divided into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons (see the "seed leaf", Cotyledon κοτυληδόνος from κοτύλη="cup, bowl")


 * Armillaria ostoyae MO.jpg Armillaria solidipes, family Physalacriaceae

It is known to be one of the largest living organisms. Scientists have estimated that a single specimen found in Malheur National Forest in Oregon has been growing for some 2,400 years, covering 3.4 square miles. Armillaria solidipes grows and spreads primarily underground and the bulk of the organism lies in the ground, out of sight. It is only visible in the autumn, when it blooms “honey mushrooms”. Low competition for land and nutrients have allowed this organism to grow so huge; it possibly covers more geographical area than any other living organism.

whatsits

 * Dark.round.springtail.1.jpg Allacma fusca, a Springtail (Hexapoda that are no longer considered Insects)
 * C wegeneri.JPG Acanthocephala (ἄκανθος=thorn), parasitic worm, perhaps a highly modified Rotifer, according to Molecular phylogenetics


 * Bdelloid Rotifer.jpg Bdelloidea Rotifer (βδελλα=leech) They take alternate steps with the head and tail, as do certain Leeches

Evolution of sexual reproduction: Bdelloids reproduce by Parthenogenesis (no males). "Despite the fact that they have been asexual for millions of years, they have diversified into more than 300 species and are fairly similar to other sexually-reproducting rotifer species."


 * Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg SEM of Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, plant-parasitic Nematode that produces Chlorosis and root necrosis of Soybean.

Heteroderidae from heteros=other, deras=skin (derm). This refers to the different 'skins' of female and cyst.


 * Echiniscus L.png Tardigrade (waterbear), phylum Tardigrada, superphylum Ecdysozoa
 * [[Image:Freshwater Bryozoan234.JPG|200px]] freshwater Bryozoan with Lophophore extended
 * Spiriferina rostrata Noir.jpg A fossil Jurassic Brachiopod Spiriferina rostrata with visible skeleton of the Lophophore intact


 * [[Image:Onchocerca volvulus emerging from a black fly.jpg|200px]] Onchocerca volvulus emerging from black fly