User:Xxlunlunxx/Gasoline

There is a considerable difference between summer oil and winter oil in gasoline vapor pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure, RVP), which is a measure of how easily the fuel evaporates at a given temperature. The higher the gasoline volatility (the higher the RVP), the easier it is to evaporate. The conversion between the two fuels occurs twice a year, once in autumn (winter mix) and the other in spring (summer mix). The winter blended fuel has a higher RVP because the fuel must be able to evaporate at a low temperature for the engine to run normally. If the RVP is too low on a cold day, the vehicle will be difficult to start; however, the summer blended gasoline has a lower RVP. It prevents excessive evaporation when the outdoor temperature rises, reduces ozone emissions, and reduces smog levels. At the same time, vapor lock is less likely to occur in hot weather.

The impact of gasoline on the environment
In recent years, with the rapid development of the motor vehicle economy, the production and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically, and the pollution of motor vehicle exhaust to the environment has become more and more serious. The air pollution in many large cities has changed from coal-burning pollution to "motor vehicle pollution." In the United States, transportation is the largest source of carbon emissions, accounting for 30% of the total carbon footprint of the United States. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that in 2020, the U.S. transportation sector’s automobile gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption will lead to carbon dioxide (CO2) ) The emissions are approximately 948 million metric tons (MMmt) and 428 MMmt are 1,376 MMmt of CO2.

The main pollutants emitted by gasoline are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM). In internal combustion engines, CO is a colorless and odorless gas produced when insufficient air or other reasons cause incomplete combustion; HC refers to the unburned part of engine exhaust gas, and also includes the evaporation and dripping of fuel in the fuel supply system; NOx is a kind of brown, pungent odor exhaust gas produced in large quantities when the engine has a certain load. The burning of gasoline produces a driving force, and it also produces many complex chemical reactions, which emit a large amount of greenhouse gases, which intensifies the greenhouse effect.

The impact of gasoline on human
The exhaust gas emitted by burning gasoline not only has serious harm to the environment but also to people's health. After CO is inhaled into the human body, it is very easy to combine with hemoglobin in the blood, and its affinity is 300 times that of oxygen. therefore. The hemoglobin in the lungs does not combine with oxygen but with CO, causing the human body to be hypoxic, causing headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and other poisoning symptoms. In severe cases, it may lead to death. ; HC only affects the human body when the content is quite high, and their toxicity level depends on the chemical composition. The hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion include alkanes, aromatics, and aldehydes. Among them, the concentration of methane and ethane over 35 g/m will cause loss of consciousness or suffocation, the concentration of pentane and hexane over 45 g/m will have an anesthetic effect, and aromatic hydrocarbons will have more serious effects on health, blood toxicity, neurotoxicity, and cancer. If the concentration of benzene exceeds 40 ppm, it can cause leukemia, and xylene can cause headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Aldehydes, human exposure to large amounts of these compounds can cause eye irritation, nausea, and dizziness. In addition to carcinogenic effects, long-term exposure can cause damage to the skin, liver, kidneys, and cataracts ; After NOx enters the alveoli, it has a severe stimulating effect on the lung tissue. It can irritate the conjunctiva of the eyes, cause tearing and cause pink eyes. It also has a stimulating effect on the nose, pharynx, throat, and other organs. It can cause acute wheezing. It can cause breathing difficulties, red eyes, sore throat, and dizziness causing poisoning.

In addition to the emissions from burning gasoline, which have an impact on human health, gasoline also poses a direct health threat to the human body. Gasoline enters the environment through the soil, groundwater, surface water, and air. Therefore, humans may be exposed to gasoline through methods such as breathing, eating, and skin contact. For example, using gasoline-filled equipment, such as lawnmowers, drinking gasoline-contaminated water close to gasoline spills or leaks to the soil, working at a gas station, inhaling gasoline volatile gas when refueling at a gas station is the easiest way to be exposed to gasoline. Many of the harmful effects of gasoline exposure are due to individual chemicals in the gasoline mixture, such as benzene and lead. Inhaling or swallowing large amounts of gasoline can cause death. Inhaling high concentrations of gasoline can cause lung irritation and irritation of the stomach wall when swallowed. Gasoline can also cause irritation to the skin. The skin can be dry, chapped, and keratotic dermatitis can occur. Inhaling high concentrations of gasoline or swallowing large amounts of gasoline in a short period of time can cause serious effects on the nervous system. Severe neurological effects include coma and difficulty breathing, while mild effects are dizziness and headache.

How to handle and prevent gasoline accidents.
A gas leak can be dangerous because it is flammable and it creates a slick surface for other drivers. Gasoline accidents are the leading cause of heat burns in the U.S. Burns related to gasoline cause 13,000 to 15,000 emergency visits each year. To prevent gasoline accidents, there are some things that need to pay attention to when using gasoline, such as.

·        Portable gasoline containers must have a tightly fitting lid. The container must be mainly red and correctly marked "GASOLINE". It must also carry a warning label about the danger of gasoline.

·        Do not inhale gasoline through your mouth. May be fatal if swallowed.

·        Only fuel 95% of the tank. The remaining air space prevents the gasoline from expanding if it heats up later. Otherwise, the expansion may force the liquid gasoline out of the container or twist the container.

·        Do not expose the gasoline container to direct sunlight.

·        Do not store gasoline in the house or garage.

·        Always store gasoline containers in a cool, well-ventilated place.

·        Keep it away from any Heat or spark sources, such as water heaters, electric motors, or car engines.

·        Always store the container in a shed away from the house or any habitable structure.

·        Always keep the gas out of the reach of children

Improper use of gasoline can cause serious physical effects. Gasoline sniffing is a common form of solvent abuse in young children and adolescents. When inhaling gas, 15-20 breaths can cause euphoria, ataxia, and disorientation to persist for 5 or 6 hours. The effects of this poisoning are similar to the effects of alcohol and hallucinogens. If someone is found inhaling gasoline, the victim should be removed from any flame source immediately, call 911 for emergency medical assistance, and then remove the source of pollution or move the victim to fresh air. If necessary, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately and transport the victim to emergency facilities.

Gasoline should not come into direct contact with the skin, wear protective clothing and goggles when necessary. If someone contact with gasoline, remove contaminated clothes and shoes as soon as possible. Quickly and gently blot or brush off. Wash gently and thoroughly with water and non-abrasive soap for 5 minutes or until the chemicals are removed. If the irritation persists, repeat the rinse and seek medical assistance. Clothing and shoes contaminated by gasoline should be stored outdoors, away from fire sources, until they are thoroughly cleaned.

If someone accidentally gets gasoline into the eyes or someone swallows gasoline, they should rinse them immediately and soak the contaminated eyes in warm water for 5 minutes or until the gasoline chemicals disappear. If the victim swallows gasoline. The victim should rinse his mouth thoroughly with water. Carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary and immediately transport to an emergency center.