User:Xyl 54/sandbox 14

Sandbox 14

Completed

 * Blue Riband
 * Hales Trophy

Captains
Captains archive (at Aylmer) Captain class

Operations Operations

1EG (feb 44) Affleck (Gwinner) Balfour Bentley Capel Garlies Gould Gore Hoste Whitaker 1st EG

3EG (dec 43) Duckworth (Mills) Berry Blackwood Cooke Domett Essington Braithwaite Rowley 3rd EG

4EG (Aug 43) Bentinck (Chavasse) Bazley Blackwood Burges Byard Drury Calder Pasley 4th EG

5EG (Apr 44) Aylmer Bickerton (MacIntyre) Bligh Goodson Grindall Keats Kempthorne Tyler (Taylor = SOE 30 Aug 44; ? in Aylmer, then Grindall) (Manners in B2 EG) 5th EG

15EG ? Feb 44) Inglis Lawson Loring Louis (Majendie) Moorsom Mounsey Narborough Dacres 15th EG

21 EG Byron Conn (Hart) Deane Fitzroy Redmill Rupert 21 EG

Support Groups
Support Groups (Roskill II p367
 * 1 brewer pelican, sennen, rother, spey, wear, jed
 * 2 walker starling, cygnet, wren, kite, whimbrel, wild goose, woodprcker
 * 3 mccoy offa, obedient, oribi, orwell, onslaught
 * 4 scott-moncrieff inglefield, eclipse, impulsive, icarus, fury
 * 5 abel smith biter, pathfinder, obdurate, opportune

Tanker War
[[Tanker War
 * add what the hell was going on
 * see Iran Iraq War#US military actions (add year for res 598
 * sortable tables

[[Iran-Iraq War#U.S. military actions toward Iran

U.S. attention was focused on isolating Iran as well as maintaining freedom of navigation. It criticised Iran's mining of international waters, and sponsored UN Security Council Resolution 598, which passed unanimously on 20 July, under which the U.S. and Iranian forces skirmished during Operation Earnest Will. During Operation Nimble Archer in October 1987, the United States attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker Sea Isle City.

On 14 April 1988, the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) was badly damaged by an Iranian mine, and 10 sailors were wounded. U.S. forces responded with Operation Praying Mantis on 18 April, the U.S. Navy's largest engagement of surface warships since World War II. Two Iranian oil platforms were destroyed, and five Iranian warships and gunboats were sunk. An American helicopter also crashed. This fighting manifested in the International Court of Justice as Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), which was eventually dismissed in 2003.

U.S. shoots down civilian airliner==== In the course of escorts by the U.S. Navy, the cruiser USS Vincennes (CG-49) shot down Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988, killing all 290 passengers and crew on board.

Template IIW [[Tanker War
 * Action of June 5, 1984
 * Earnest Will
 * Bridgeton incident (add template)
 * Prime Chance
 * Eager Glacier
 * Nimble Archer
 * Praying Mantis
 * ( ... add [[USS Stark incident: 17 May 1987

[[Oil Platforms case
 * fix Facts (clarify what happened
 * fix Judgement > majority before/first, then minority

[[Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)
 * add some detail; re-arrange sentence (Background)
 * ‘whereupon’ to ‘under which’ > fix

References===

Malta convoys
Types of operation:.
 * 1. supply of fighter aircraft via aircraft carrier, from Gibraltar (Club Run)
 * 2. supply of high value stores by surface warships (Welshman etc)
 * 3. supply of high value stores by submarine (Magic Carpet)
 * 4. supply of bulk cargo by clandestine unescorted merchant ship
 * 5. supply of bulk cargo by escorted merchant ship(s) in convoy (various designations, ops)

Summary
 * 209 ship passages 30 ships lost

Designations
 * MF 1-4, MS 1, MW 3-18, ME 3-12, GM 1-2, 1, MG 1-2

Operations:
 * Collar, Excess, Temple, Tiger, Propeller, Halberd, Astrologer, untitled, Harpoon, Vigorous, Pedestal, Crupper

Ops:
 * MC8, MD2, MD3, MF1, MF 2, MF3, MF4, MF5, independents

Table 1:
 * dates, passages, losses
 * June-dec 40: 51, none
 * Jan-june 41: 36, 2
 * July-dec 41: 38, 4
 * Jan-june 42: 36, 13
 * July-dec 42: 48, 11

Table 2:

Notes


 * * Listed as clandestine sailings by unescorted merchant ships (see below)
 * ** Not listed in source (Hague: Allied Convoy System p.191)

External links

The supply of Malta 1940-42 at navalhistory.net
 * Pt 1 : Convoys of 1940, 1941, 1942, inc. convoy operations
 * Pt 2 : Unescorted merchant ships (various Operation names), Supply of aircraft (Club Runs)
 * Pt 3 : Supply by air; by surface warship; by submarine (Magic carpet); chronology, warship losses, merchant losses

Sources:
 * Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 (2000) ISBN 1 86176 147 3
 * Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol I (1954). ISBN (none)
 * Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol II (1956). ISBN (none)

Magic Carpet
His Majesties submarines 1997 Merriam Press p. 32 The Magic carpet ISBN 9781576380215

1st flotilla, minelayers and other large submarines carried vital supplies to Malta

Porpoise made nine trips, carried supplies of aviation fuel

Rorqual and others maintained a supply of aviation fuel, enabling RAF and FAA to continue operations . In July 1941 the magic carpet carried 126 passengers 84,280 gallons of petrol 83,340 galls kerosene 12 tons of mail 30 tons of general stores 6 tons of munitions, including torpedoes

P Padfield : 1995 War beneath the sea John Murray (pub) ISBN 0-7195-5168-4

p. 258 Larger, older submarines of O, P and R class and River class HMS Clyde, were modified as supply boats, had half their batteries removed to create cargo space, and ran MC service from Alex to Malta Sailed with tanks and ballast tanks and every available space filled with supplies. Unable to make up / supply all of the islands needs, so Pedestal convoy necessary in August.

p. 266 MC was insufficient/ could not bring food for the population, or sufficient aviation fuel, led to Stoneage convoy in November (4 ships, 17-20 Nov 42)

During the week preceding Alamein, RAF beat off massed air raids, destroying 131 aircraft for the loss of 34, of which 21 pilots were saved. Ref Douglas-Hamilton, p. 103 the air battle for Malta 1981

Roskill I

p. 518-9 Air offensives, Jan-May (illustrious blitz) renewed in December Supplies by submarine in this period ‘for a time’  Large minelayers Rorqual & Cachalot used, with ;large carrying capacity, also submarines in transit ‘between this time and the end of the year’ (? june-dec 41) Cachalot caught and sunk in July, successful convoys from the west in July and September

Roskill II

p. 308 During period of Pedestal (Aug 42) three submarines Otus, Rorqual, Clyde, carried supplies of ammunition, torpedoes aviation spirit)  to Malta. Most urgent need was fuel for spitfires, MC continued in Sept and October p. 312 Nov 42 faled op to pass disguised merchant ship through to Malta; MC ops continued Parthian, Clyde, with Traveller & Thrasher in trabsit also . On surface, Welshman made run from Gib with torpedoes and concentrated food.. ‘Between them they saved the situation’, enabling Malta garrison/forces f to assist with Torch.

External links:

web pages magic carpet underwater :ubt.net

the malta submarines : w&W

The race to malta : history.net

Supply of Malta 1940-42 pt3 at navalhistory.net

G books: p.32 His Majesties submarines 1997 Merriam Press #The Magic carpet ISBN 9781576380215

Table: Number of Magic Carpet voyages by month.

1940
 * June -
 * July 1
 * August 2
 * September -
 * October -
 * November -
 * December -

1941
 * January -
 * February-
 * March-
 * April-
 * May 4
 * June 8
 * July 7
 * August 5
 * September 3
 * October 5
 * November 4
 * December 1

1942
 * January 1
 * February 2
 * March 6
 * April 7
 * May 5
 * June 2
 * July 3
 * August 5
 * September 6
 * October 9
 * November 4
 * December -

Table: Submarines employed, journeys made.


 * Pandora 2
 * Parthian 6
 * Proteus 3
 * Olympus 9
 * Osiris 4
 * Otus 6
 * Regent 4
 * Cachalot 6
 * Porpoise 10
 * Rorqual 10
 * Clyde 12

(in transit: 1 supply mission en route, plus extra)
 * Thrasher 2
 * Thunderbolt 3

(in transit: 1 supply mission en route)
 * Saracen
 * Talisman
 * Taku
 * Tetrarch
 * Tempest
 * Traveller
 * Triton
 * Turbulent

Malta: Other ops
Sailings by Surface warships

1940
 * June | -
 * July | -
 * August | (Hats)| Gib-M |Valiant, Calcutta, Coventry
 * Sept | (MB5) | Alex-M  | Gloucester, Liverpool
 * Oct | -
 * Nov | (Coat) | Gib-M | Barham, ?Bonaventure, Glasgow + 4 D
 * “ | - | Gib-M | Newcastle
 * ? | (Collar) | Gib-M | Manchester, Southampton
 * Dec | -

1941
 * January | Gib-M | Gloucester Southampton + 2
 * “ | (Excess) | Gib-M | Bonaventure
 * “ | Piraeus-M | Orion, Perth
 * Feb | Alex-M | Ajax, Orion, Gloucester
 * March -
 * Apr | (Salient/Dunlop) | Alex-M | Dido, Abdiel
 * May | -
 * June | -
 * July | | Gib-M | Arethusa, Hermione, Manxman + 2
 * August | -
 * Sept | -
 * Oct | -
 * Nov | Alex-M | Ajax, Neptune
 * Dec | Gib-M | Dido
 * “ | (ME 8) | M-Alex | Dido + merchants

1942
 * January |-
 * Feb | Gib-M | Cleopatra
 * “ | M-Alex | Cleopatra
 * March | Gib-M | MMLs
 * “ | Gib-M | MMLs
 * Apr | M-Gib | Havock
 * May | Gib-M | Welshman
 * ? | (Harpoon) | Clyde-Gib-M | Welshman
 * June
 * July | Gib-M | Welshman
 * August | -
 * Sept | -
 * Oct |-
 * Nov | Pt Said – M | Manxman
 * “ | (Analyst) | Clyde-Gib – M | Welshman
 * Dec | (Portcullis) | Haifa-Alex-M | Welshman

Clandestine sailing; merchant ships

1940 1941 1942
 * (nil)
 * Jan-Mar: nil
 * Apr |Temple |Str. 28/29.4.41| Parracombe (OG59) |sunk 2.5.41
 * May-Aug : nil
 * Sep | Propeller | E Guillemot| 13/14.9.41 | Malta 19.9.41
 * Oct | indep | Clan MacDonald | M-G 16-19.10.41
 * “ | “ | E Guillemot | M-G 22, sunk 24.10.41
 * “ | “ | City Lincoln, Dunedin Star | M-G 22-
 * “ | “ | Clan Ferguson | M-G 24 – returned; sailed with ME 8
 * Nov | Astrologer | E Defender, E Pelican |Str. 12, 14.11.41 |sunk 14, 15.11.41 aircraft
 * Dec: nil
 * Jan-Sep : nil
 * Nov| E Petrel (ex Rodi)|?Levant 1.11.42 | spotted off Cyprus; returned to Famagusta
 * Nov|Crupper|Ardeola, Tadorna (KMS 1)| det. ? | captured off Cape Bon
 * Dec : nil

Aircraft transfers (Club Runs)

1940
 * May| 1st flight 4 Gladiators
 * June | (no name) 4 Hurricanes,
 * " | Argus 12 Swordfish
 * July | Argus 12 Hurricanes
 * Nov| Coat| Ark Royal | 3 Fulmars (transit to Illustrious)
 * " | White|Argus| 12 Hurricanes
 * ? | Excess|
 * Nov| Coat| Ark Royal | 3 Fulmars (transit to Illustrious)
 * " | White|Argus| 12 Hurricanes
 * ? | Excess|

1941
 * Excess
 * Winch
 * Dunlop
 * Splice, *Rocket
 * Railway I, Railway II
 * Substance
 * Status I
 * Status II
 * Call Boy
 * Perpetual
 * Perpetual

1942
 * Spotter I
 * Spotter II, *Picket I, Picket II
 * Calendar
 * Bowery, LB
 * Style
 * Pinpoint
 * Bellows, Baritone
 * Train
 * Train
 * Train

Bridford
Operations:


 * Roskill I p391, five ships run blockade, all arrive safely = Rubble
 * Roskill II p125, ten ships attempt to run, 5 sunk/captured, 1 scuttled, 2 return, 2 arrive safely = Performance
 * Roskill III pt1 p292, paragraph, footnote on blockade runners = Bridford
 * RoskillIII pt2 p270, supplies for Danish resistance = Moonshine

MTB 502-509 (Conway p. 70)
 * 502, 503, 509 completed as MTBs
 * 504-508 completed as MVs for blockade running
 * Similar design to MTB 501 (p. 69) = 117ft Camper & Nicolson motor launch

Refs:
 * Barker, Ralph (2005) The Blockade Busters: Cheating Hitler’s Reich Of Vital War Supplies, Pen & Sword Books Ltd ISBN 1 84415 282 0

See also:
 * Operation Rubble
 * MV Gay Viking (Operation Bridford = redirect)

Fleet Escort
Intro FE is a designation/ type of warship in use during the 20th century. It describes s warships built with the speed to accompany a main battle fleet and provide protection for capital ships from attack by asymmetric weapons such as torpedoes, mines and bombs carried by small craft such as torpedo boats submarines and aircraft. The designation was in place of, or was in addition to, type designations like destroyer, frigate, minesweeper, but fell out of use/ / have more recently been replaced by them/ been reverted to.

Background WWI: during the first world War fleet escort duties were generally undertaken by fleet destroyers, usually the most modern of their type Thsi type had been developed to counter the threat of small, fast torpedo boats armed with self-propelled torpedoes that wer ecapable of sinking a capital ship with a single hit. The Tbd was developed The invention of the spt in the 1880s created a weapon capable .. and could be carried by a small, fast vessel To counter this the tbd was developed, which later came to take on the role of the tb itself. Up to and during the FWW main battle fleets/ battle fleets were accompanied by destroyers in a fleet escort role to ward off attacks by such vessels Later the advent of the submarine as a viable weapon increased the danger.

RN at outbreak of FWW had 23 dreadnought battleships and 40 pre-dreadnoughts These operated as a Grand Fleet, with  cruisers and .. destroyers, serving in a fleet escort as well as an offensive role

The IGN had during the BoJ, only engagement between the full strength of these two forces the night of 31 June saw a clash between d & tb of both fleets

Inter  / WWII In the run up to the SWW the German navy (KM) developed a fleet escort ([[F-class escort ship) to augment the destroyers and torpedo boats in that role. This was a small, fast, all-purpose vessel, equipped to protect against attacks by submarines, mtbs and mines, However they were not a success.

During WWII the RN and the USN employed destroyers in a fleet escort role; later, as the threat from the IJN main battle fleet was from the air/ and the main capital ship became the carrier/ the carrier became... the battleship with its heavy anti-aircraft array became a fleet escort vessel for the vulnerable carriers.

Post war French, USN

[[Escorteur
 * 18 Squadron Escorteurs: 12 T 47-class destroyer, 5 T 53-class destroyer, 1 T 56 class: bâtiments of 3,000 tons, length 128 to 132 m, vocation anti-ship, anti-submarine, anti-aerial, picket radar flotilla navigation. They formed until the end of 1980s, the backbone forces of high-seas of the French Navy. For NATO, those were destroyers.

thumb|right|Le Surcouf
 * Fleet Escorts – (Escorteurs d'escadre)
 * Classe T 47 (Surcouf class)
 * Surcouf (D621) 1955–1972
 * Kersaint (D622) 1956–1984
 * Cassard (D623) 1956–1974
 * Bouvet (D624) 1956–1982
 * Dupetit-Thouars (D625) 1957–1988
 * Chevalier Paul (D626) 1957–1971
 * Maillé-Brézé (D627) 1957–1988
 * Vauquelin (D628) 1956–1986
 * D’Estrées (D629) 1957–1985
 * Du Chayla (D630) 1957–1991
 * Casabianca (D631) 1957–1984
 * Guépratte (D632) 1957–1985
 * Classe T 53
 * Duperre (D633) 1957–1972
 * La Bourdonnais (D634) 1958–1976
 * Forbin (D635) 1958–1981
 * ''Tartu (D636) 1958–1979
 * Jauréguiberry (D637) 1958–1977
 * Classe T 56 – single ship modified for testing
 * La Galissonière (D638) 1962–1990

Hales Trophy

 * Hoverspeed Great Britain