User:Y5tann/Video manipulation

Video manipulation Regulations & Policy
Due to the social and political impacts caused by Deepfake, many national states implement regulations in order to combat these effects of video manipulation. Technical regulations range from real-name verification requirements, labeling information, censorships, and banning synthetic images, audio, and video.

China
China issued the "Provision on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Service" on January 28, 2022. China's State Internet Information Office enforced this regulation as a way to control manipulated content on the Internet and increase technological stability within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). There are 25 articles in total and each article section ultimately explains the terms and conditions of the regulation itself."'Article 5: Encourage relevant industry organizations to strengthen industry self-discipline, establish and improve industry standards, industry guidelines, and self-regulatory management systems, supervise and guide deep synthesis service providers to formulate and improve service specifications, strengthen information content security management, provide services in accordance with the law, and accept social supervision.'"One of the policy articles that were mentioned in Emmie Hine and Luciano Floridi's text was Article 5, which goes over that while the government will look over the information being posted publicly, industry corporations are also responsible for keeping track of content that is published on their social platforms. This particular policy pushes companies in China to be more aware of what is shown online because if not, the companies themselves will be fined.

United States
The United States issued the "DEEP FAKES Accountability Act" in 2019. However, Hine and Luciano stated this policy only prevents the act around "unauthorized digital recreations of people". This established bill ultimately puts a criminal penalties for related impersonations and pornography violations. Because of this regulation, many well-known platforms like Facebook and Twitter began to removed unlawful information that violated the policy and even require labeling regulations.

Video Manipulation Market Failures
Some of the main reasons why large national states like the United States and China are implementing video manipulation regulations/policies are because of market failures. In particular, market failures that revolve around the topics of public goods and negative externalities. Public goods refer to products and services that can be used by everyone. On the other hand, negative externalities are negative actions that affect someone who did not fully consent or was not involved with the situation.

Public Goods
Synthetic information, including content taken by Deepfake, is shown and available to everyone in the public eye (characteristics of general public goods). Because of the easy and worldwide access, misinformation is spread rapidly quickly and sometimes out of control. In turn, lawmakers and governmental organizations create policies that control what is being put on the internet. One example that explicitly demonstrates content being "over-consumed" within society is "The Voice of April" event. The Voice of April was a day when numerous videos of Shanghai citizens were being censored and banned during Covid-19. However, because these videos were published on the Internet, it continued to circulate throughout China and some people even made different versions when the original content got deleted. Covered in MIT Technology Review, Zeyi Yang informed that videos being censored by the government were re-uploaded into copies and stored through outside social platforms. Due to the challenges faced by the open-access content published online, nations continue to implement more regulations in order to maintain verified information.

Negative Externalities
Video manipulation essentially creates fake scenarios that never happened. As a result of this act, many people can be impacted by synthetic information despite not being directly part of the scene. Jack Langa states in a Law Journal article that "a bad actor could take advantage of region's instability by using a deepfake to inflame a local population, which could lead to civilian casualties..." One example that showcases negative externalities from misleading/manipulated information is the January 6, 2021 attack on the US Capitol. This event led to approximately 140 police officers being assaulted (noted by the United States Department of Justice). However, Judy Woodruff declared in a PBS News Hours that the whole incident was caused by a big lie about election fraud in 2020. Even though the situation was based on manipulated content, it ultimately led to numerous officers being harmed in the process.