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Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies

Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies are noted by Myra Marx Ferree, William A. Gamson, Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht in their same name artical. Basically it described four models that represent the how Public Sphere works in Modern Democracies: Representative liberal theory,  Participatory liberal theory,  Discursive theory and  Constructionist theory

Representative liberal theory

For representative liberal theorists, the citizen's main role is to choose periodically which among competing teams of would-be office holders will exercise public authority.

journalists themselves should play the role of dispas- sionate expert.

Participatory liberal theory

The common thread in participatory liberal theories is the desirability of maximizing the participation of citizens in the public decisions that affect their lives.

Discursive theory

ciation proceeds through public argument and reasoning among equal citizens."22 The central value here is in the process of deliberation with popular inclu- sion being desirable because it supports the valued process.

Constructionist theory

Writers in this tradition share a critical approach, questioning existing arrangements and categories to see if they conceal hidden inequalities. They are more pessimistic than discursive theorists about the possibility, ity of separating oppressive power from speech.