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Paeonia suffruticosa, the tree peony, is a species of peony native to China. Paeonia Suffruticosa is the plant’s botanical name. More commonly, the plant is referred as the tree peony. It is known as mudan (牡丹) in Chinese and is an important symbol in Chinese culture. It was first described and validly published by Henry Charles Andrews in 1804. The flower component is its most attracting feature of the plant. Paeonia Suffruticosa’s flower is very large in comparison with most other flower species. The size of the flower usually ranges from 6-12 inches cross. It is the flower component that is used to classify the plant’s cultivar, using characteristics such as the flower form and color. The epidermis of its roots is used in traditional Chinese medicine, called "mudanpi"(牡丹皮).

Origin
Paeonia Suffruticosa is a cultivated plant. Even until today, there are still uncertainties regarding which wild plants the flower is derived from. The flower originates from China and its surrounding areas, possessing significant cultural meaning throughout Chinese history. Currently there are about 600 Chinese tree peony cultivars. Since its introduction abroad, a few unique cultivar groups have been bred in France, Britain, the United States, and some other countries. This species is less common in U.S, but it can generally be found in plant nurseries.

Peonies
Paeonia Suffruticosa, also referred as tree peony, originates from China. Sometimes, people refer tree peonies as “Chinese tree peonies.” Paeonia Suffruticosa belongs to the peony family. The most distinctive feature is that Paeonia Suffruticosa is tree plants where as the rest of the peonies are herbaceous peonies. Despite their classification as trees, it is the flowers that attract the public’s attention. Peonies are generally slow to grow and have flowers that only last briefly and are fragile to weather conditions such as wind, rain or hot temperatures. In comparison, Paeonia Suffruticosa, as a tree, survives longer than the rest of the peonies. The stems of tree peonies allow the plant to survive in winter. In general, the plant is long-lived and the flower bloom longer in the early spring.

Name
The name Paeonia Suffruticosa is derived from two different sources. The genus name Paeonia derives from the name Paeon. In Greek mythology, this name was a disciple of the god of medicine, Ascleplus. Suffruticosa has a more complex name origin as it is composed in two different parts. The first part suf-, which is only a prefix, and the second part fruticosa, meaning shrub-like. The name Suffruticosa implies how Paeonia Suffruticosa is classified in the plant categories.

Cultivation
To plant the flower, one should collect the seed of the flower in June when pods split. The pods should be stored in moist soil after air-drying for a few days before planting them during autumn. Putting the pods into moist soil gives some moisture to the pods. If the pods are fully dry out, it will be more difficult for them to sprout. Ideally, the plant should be planted in fertile, humus-rich soil with plenty organic matter (in USDA zones 3 to 8). Paeonia Suffruticosa grows in both full sun to dappled shade. However, the flower bloom best in dappled shade with 3 to 4 hours of sunlight. When grown in full sun, it is essential to provide adequate moisture to the plant. Generally, the tree requires very little pruning, but there are two pruning techniques needed. First one is to cut off dead branches. The second one is prune of branches that were suckered from the herbaceous root stock. Potential cultivating diseases include Ca. Phytoplasma solani, the causal agent of the Black wood disease of grapevine, is associated with the tree peony yellows disease in China.

Significance in Chinese Culture
Paeonia Suffruticosa has always held an important status in both Chinese politics and culture. During the Qing Dynasty (1644 -1911), the government in 1903 appointed Paeonia Suffruticosa as China’s national flower. However, with political shifts and other factors, its title as the national flower was later replaced. In 1929, the plum tree was granted the title of national flower by the government at the time. Despite its loss of political status, Paeonia Suffruticosa maintains its cultural significance. In China, it is generally known as the “king of flowers”, symbolizing honor, rich, and aristocracy, as well as love affection, and feminine beauty. It has been frequently portrayed and appraised in various significant Chinese literatures and art.

China’s Debate of National Flower
Even until today, the People’s Republic of China has not elected its national flower. Paeonia Suffruticosa, along with other flowers including plum blossom, chrysanthemum, orchid, and water lily are all potential candidates for the title, with Paeonia Suffruticosa and plum blossom as front-runners. If comparing by cultural importance, there is no one particular flower that stands out as all these flowers have been frequently portrayed in significant literatures and arts throughout the years. Elections for the national tree and flower were held in the 1980s and 1994, but both elections ended with no final conclusion. Prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai World Expo, Chinese government had another attempt to determine a national flower. With the ongoing divided opinion over which flower should be given the national flower title, many began suggesting imitating countries such as France, Japan and Thailand by selecting two national flowers. 62 scholars from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering have proposed a “dual national flower” plan to name both Paeonia Suffruticosa and plum blossom to the position. With the Olympics and Expo approaching, the ongoing uncertainty over choosing a national flower lead to the proposal The Recommendation Concerning Setting the Peony and Plum Blossom as National Flowers as Early as Possible. The proposal pointed out that the lack of a national flower is hindering both propagation of China’s flower culture and industry. This proposal is only one of the several potential plans proposed. Other plans include choosing one, four, and five national flowers. The five flowers suggestion, known as “One Country, Five Flowers” proposes setting Paeonia Suffruticosa as the primary national flower with four supplementary flowers that represent each season of the year. These include Chrysanthemum representing autumn, plum representing winter, orchid representing spring and water lily representing summer. Despite all these proposals, China had not been able to make a decision before the Olympics and Expo. The decision remains undecided today.

Medicine
Paeonia Suffruticosa has a long history of being used as medicine in Chinese medical history. There are more than 1000 Chinese tree peony cultivars with various kind of flower colors and flower forms selected artificially for medicinal uses for more than 2000 years. Its root bark, often referred as Mu Dan Pi or Cortex Moutan, is the main part that is used in Chinese medicine. Mu Dan Pi’s main functions include clears heat, cools blood, clears fire from deficiency, clears ascending Liver fire, and mildly invigorates the blood. Mu Dan Pi that has best quality should be very fragrant, and is thick, white and starchy. The flower is now mostly cultivated for medical uses. Due to over-harvesting, the wild plant is threatened with extinction.

Chemistry
P. suffruticosa contains paeonol, galloyl-paeoniflorin, galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin, suffruticoside A, B, C, D and E.