User:Yadukulakambhoji/sandbox

General Bird Respiration
The dinosaurs, birds included, have a system of air sacs in their ventilation system. The airsacs in dinosaurs works to produce a unidirectional flow where air enters and exits the lung at the same rate, contrasting the lungs of other tetrapods such as mammals where air enters and exits the lung in a tidal ventilation.

Anatomy of Avian Respiration
Modern birds have a longer trachaea which is proportionally narrower than that of other tetrapods, though some species such as swans and cranes where the trachea is even longer. Avian lungs have a bronchial system in which the air flows through ventrobronchi into the parabronchi before exiting via the dorsobronchi. Gas exchange occurs at the parabronchi.

Role of Air Sacs
Unlike mammalian lungs, gas exchange and volume expansion do not occur in the same site during respiration in birds. Instead, voluminous expansion occurs in the air sacs. Simple epithelial and secretory cells line the air sac walls. These cells are then supported by elastin connective tissue.

For citations
User:Yadukulakambhoji/List of articles

- I have citations there

Citations for Hoatzins


 * Feeding
 * Flight

Citations for Air Sacs (make sure there isn't another article somewhere) (so there are two pages about bird respiration but, this is separate)


 * Birds
 * Penguins
 * Songbirds