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SUMMARY OF SOCIAL policy •	Social policy is the study of the social services and the welfare state. •	The social services are mainly understood to include social security, housing, health, social work and education, employment, prisons, legal services or drains •	Welfare system is defined as the range of institutions that together determine the welfare of the citizens. •	Social policies are activities of governments in providing money and services to their citizens in five main areas: 	Social Protection (Social Security) 	Health services 	Education services 	Housing provisions 	Personal social service •	Social policy is multi-disciplinary nature of academic subject which draws upon the academic techniques and skills of many other disciplines: Sociology, Economics, Politics, Policy Making, Management, History and others. •	Social policy is that part of public policy Social policy is multi-disciplinary nature of academic subject has relation to the following subjects: sociology, economics, politics, policy making, Management, History and others •	In the term social welfare, “social” speaks to the collective nature of society or citizens.

''•	“Welfare” speaks to well-being, the state of healthy balance for people. •	Social welfare policy is the collective response to social problems to eradicate a social problem or a choice to ignore a social problem.''

Kinds of social welfare 	A range of Social Welfare Payments are available to support those who are likely to suffer financial hardship as a result of a long term illness or disability. These are made either by the Department of Social Protection 1: Invalidity Pension is a weekly payment for those who are permanently unable to work because of a long term illness or disability. You must attend a medial assessment to qualify for this payment and you will only be eligible if you are covered by Social Insurance. 2) Care Allowance is payment is designed to support families who are living with a child with a disability 3) Disability Allowance is a long-term social welfare payment for those aged 16-65 with a disability expected to last for no less than one year. The disability must substantially restrict the individual’s ability to do work that would be suitable for someone else of their age, experience and qualifications. 4) Carer's Allowance is a payment for individuals on a low income who are looking after a person who needs support because of a long term illness or disability.

•	Employment regulation is government involvement in the control of employment procedure. Such as conditions of workplace, working hours, equal employment opportunity, supply and demand determined the price and conditions of labor and labor wages. o	History of social welfare: Poor Laws •	An act was passed in 1598 and revised in 1601 that provided a systematic plan for helping the poor and established a system of public responsibility implemented through local care. •	The act of 1601 established legislation that differentiated three classes of the poor: a) The able-bodied poor, who were to be provided with work, or with punishment is prison or the stocks if they refused to work; b) The impotent poor, who were to be kept in almshouses; c) Dependent children who were to be apprenticed unless parents or grandparents could support them.                                                                                                                                                                                   Steps of policy process 1)	problem identification: the identification of policy problem through demand from individuals and groups for government actions. 2)	Agenda setting: focusing the attention on specific public problems by mass media and public officials to decide what will be decided. 3)	Policy formulation: the development of policy proposals by interest groups, committees and others. 4)	Policy legitimating: the selection and enactment policies through actions legislators president and the courts 5)	Policy implementation: the implementations of policies through government executive agencies, budgeting regulations, and other activities of policy. 6)	Policy evaluation: the evaluation of policies by government agencies themselves, the media and the general public The policy process is assumed to be a neutral and impartial arbiter of policies devised by a government, with the real participation of population

The Executive •	The executive contains the prime minister, and his cabinet of ministers as whole, ministers, civil servants or local government officials is responsible for making policy at different levels of government. •	The executive role of government might then go on to explore the role of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible in the creation, passage and implementation of policy. •	The PM and Cabinet represent a central core in the policy process, which is supported by Cabinet committees and a small army of ‘neutral’ civil servants and politically appointed advisors. The civil servants of the Cabinet Office and political advisors exist to support the roles performed by Cabinet ministers •	Legislature: Parliament role •	The legislature contains members of the parliaments, speaker, deputy speakers, weeps, committees and supporting staff. Thus the job of the legislature in policy making process is to debate and consider the introduction of new laws, to consider the effective operation of existing policy and to oversee the efficient running of government departments. •	Members of Parliament exercise this power through the system of parliamentary committees (both Standing Committees and Select Committees) where they are able to question ministers and senior civil servants. •	MPs are also able to interrogate ministers, including the Prime Minister. the system of MPs’ questions and a weekly 30 minute Question Time with the Prime Minister •	Who makes policy? •	Prime Minister and his Cabinet occupy a crucial position in the policy machine since they are, technically, responsible for the initiation, creation and implementation of policy; thus we could turn to the operation of Cabinet and its committees. •	Cabinet ministers rely heavily upon their civil servants for information and advisers. The Cabinet meets at least once or twice per week for specified time and clearly would be unable, even as a group of 20 senior government members, to consider the breadth and depth of policies within its remit or reduce •	political and public policy debate in governments today. Political parties compete on their policies for taxes and public spending. •	social policy is about money. It involves the mobilization and deployment by governments of financial resources for welfare objectives. The cash, goods and services with whose distribution and redistribution welfare systems are concerned and must be acquired and paid for somehow. •	The market as a mechanism for supplying wants and allocating goods and services has been much studied by economists. •	A public goods are goods which people cannot be excluded from consuming. •	The existence of public goods provides arguments for public spending on some services, such as public or preventive health services. •	Externalities: A smoking factory imposes a variety of costs, for example health costs and additional cleaning costs, on the surrounding area and its inhabitants, •	Insurance is a way in which we attempt to deal with risks of various kinds and the costs that risks impose. •	 Insurance is a way of sharing, or pooling risks. There are many types of insurance: 	Car Insurance, 	House Insurance 	Home Insurance, 	Life Insurance 	Health insurance. •	A vital distinction that we must introduce here is that between financing (or funding) of services on the one hand and provision or delivery of services on the other. •	Revenue-raising powers in the British system lie with central government, which has sole power to initiate taxing and spending proposals. •	The key agency in the planning and control of social spending is the Treasury, the most important department of British government, headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. •	In planning spending, the Treasury adheres to two rules: the so-called ‘sustainable investment rule’, which is the rule that public sector debt is limited to a maximum of 40% of GDP, and the ‘golden rule’, which is the rule that government borrowing takes place only to invest, that is, to spend on infrastructure (roads, hospitals, etc.) •	Another important element in the system is Parliament, in particularly Scrutiny of departmental spending and decision-making is one of its most important functions. •	Both taxing and spending need to be considered together in thinking about welfare. Taxation policy will affect the distribution of income and wealth in a society. 	Income tax is a well-known direct tax, 	corporation tax (a tax on business profits), 	inheritance tax (a tax on the assets known as estate 	indirect taxes: (Value Added Tax VAT), and duties on tobacco and alcohol. 	Payroll taxes: National Insurance contributions, paid by employers and employees. •	‘Governance’ is a descriptive label that is used to highlight the changing nature of the policy process. •	Governance demands that we consider all the actors and locations beyond the ‘core executive’ involved in the policy making process. •	Governance is defined as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources •	Governance is viewed as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes and institutions which citizens articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences. (UNDP 1997) •	The World Bank has identified three distinct aspects of governance: the form of political regime; the process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development; the capacity of governments to design, formulate, and implement policies and discharge functions. (World Bank, 1997). •	The following characterise a good system of governance: 1)	Transparency: government actions, decisions and decision-making processes are open to an appropriate level of scrutiny by others parts of government, civil society  and, in some instances, outside institutions and governments. 2)	Accountability: government is able and willing to show the extent to which its actions  and decisions are consistent with clearly-defined and agreed-upon objectives. 3)	Rule of law: government enforces equally transparent laws, regulations and codes’ 4)	Efficiency and effectiveness: government strives to produce quality public outputs, including services delivered to citizens, at the best cost, and ensures that outputs meet the original intentions of policymakers. 5)	Responsiveness: government has the capacity and flexibility to respond rapidly to societal changes, takes into account the expectations of civil society in identifying the  general public interest, and is willing to critically re-examine the role of government. 6)	Forward vision: government is able to anticipate future problems and issues based on current data and trends and develop policies that take into account future costs  and anticipated changes (e.g. demographic, economic, environmental, etc.) 7)	Welfare services: education, health care, housing, welfare benefits, social services. Utilities: electricity, gas, water, coal, transport, telephone and postal communications, broadcasting. 8)	Consensus-orientated: attempting to reach decisions based on widespread agreement; 9)	Equitable and inclusive: not excluding sectors of the population, especially those that are more vulnerable or marginalized. 10)	Political stability and lack of violence 11)	Control of corruption 12)	Representations of citizens •	Economic activity is no longer either controlled by the state (state planning) or determined solely by the market.

The solution was to be found in the promotion: •	Privatization: the role of markets and the family, the ‘free market’ with the ‘natural’ and ‘efficient’ that markets distributed goods, services and resources. •	Managerialisation is ‘the process of subjecting the control of public services to the principles, powers and practices of managerial co-ordination. •	User involvement: empowering the citizen-consumer The New Right implemented changes in social policy, with the intention of empowering individuals – for example, as parents, school governors, patients and clients. The purpose of governance 	Governance through networks, argued that government needed to withdraw from government and concentrate on governance. Their key themes for government were to: a)	empower communities instead of delivering services; b)	decentralize authority; c)	fund outcomes, not inputs; d)	encourage competition rather than monopoly; e)	meet the needs of the customer, not the bureaucracy; f)	invest in prevention instead of cure; •	components of well-being are include need; justice, freedom and equality; and citizenship •	The private sector clearly meets a large proportion of people’s needs, perhaps most of them, informally, by supplying and providing for their wants and demands. •	Social policy researchers tend to employ the concept of ‘need’. Economists employ the concept of ‘wants’ or ‘preferences’ in their theories. •	From what point of view should we view a person’s well-being? Should well-being be viewed in terms of the subjective feelings, wishes, choices or judgments of the individual, or is it to be viewed objectively, independently of the individual’s subjective perceptions, by, for example, social researchers, expert professionals and policy-makers? •	The concept of need is constantly used in health care, education, housing, social security and social care as a criterion for distributing resources •	A need is quite different from a want, a desire or a preference. •	The concept of ‘freedom’ or ‘liberty’ appears to be another component of wellbeing. Political theorists have distinguished between two concepts of freedom, ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ •	The negative concept argue that freedom is the absence of intentional or deliberate interference or constraint by another. •	The positive concept of freedom (or tradition of thought) is more complex. It involves the idea of freedom as ability, power, opportunity or ‘empowerment’; to be truly free to do something is to be able to do it. •	One interpretation of this ‘positive’ view is what has been called an ‘idealist’ conception, which views freedom as rational self-direction or self-command. Limitations of freedom 	There are two general ways that human freedom can be limited. These ways are the followings: 	‘Paternalism’ refers to actions or a state of affairs in which an individual, or an organization politicians, substitute their own judgment about what individual should do. It assumes that individuals are not the best judges of their own welfare. 	Social control is social policy deliberately  sets out to regulate and modify the behavior of private individuals and organizations. Such as The prohibition on smoking in restaurants. everything that government does involves social control. The collective interference of government with individual freedom include the following: 1.	legislation and regulations governing public: clean water, sewerage, the collection and disposal of human wastes, 2.	legislation which restricts maximum hours of work; 3.	housing standards; 4.	the national curriculum; 5.	anti-discrimination legislation Justice has some relationship to the notion of equality, and a basic principle of justice implies equal treatment. This is referred to as the ‘formal’ or procedural’ principle of justice. 1.	Equal liberties principle involves an equal distribution of certain basic resources such as rights and freedoms. as basic civil and political rights. 2.	b) Equal opportunities principle is essentially the idea of a ‘career open to talents’. Rawls stresses the importance of equalizing starting points and ensuring that competition for jobs, promotion and educational opportunities is ‘fair. 3.	c) The ‘difference’ principle concerns the distribution of resources such as income and wealth. •	The meaning and purpose of the welfare state, is the concept of ‘citizenship’. The status of ‘citizen’ is constituted by the possession of a set of rights, which include civil rights, human’ rights, political rights. •	‘social’ rights, which include rights to various forms of state-provided welfare services and perhaps also the right to work. To be a citizen is to be a full member of a national community. •	Citizens have duties to the national community as well as rights in relation to it; these might include, for example, an obligation to work, to do military service, to pay taxes, to contribute voluntarily to the welfare of others, to be law-abiding and keep the peace.