User:Yasotha Murugesan/sandbox2

Caffeine - Coffee Caffeine is a chemical substance which is in coffee. From which it obtained a name as Coffee. By and by, through research and experiment found that Caffeine has venomous and it relinquishes the sense of intoxication. As a matter of fact, Caffeine is a name of a species of horse. It's hoof is in a shape of a coffee bean. In this way, it known as Coffee.

RENAISSANCE
 INTRODUCTION  the great cultural movement began in Italy during the early 1300s and spread all over Europe which is known as Renaissance. The word Renaissance is derived from the Latin word 'rinascere' which means 'the act of being reborn'. Renaissance is the process of transition from the medieval to modern order in Europe.  THE STUDY OF HUMANITY  the Renaissance is an important landmark in the history of the world. many of the concepts and ideas of the middle ages were abounded by the leaders of the Renaissance. For example, the study of theology, which was an important subject in the middle ages was replaced by study of humanity. they have importance to the human feelings.  ART AND ARCHITECTURE  During the period of renaissance, there was a revolution in the field of art. renaissance artists focused upon the beauty of human body. their paintings and sculptures were lifelike. Petrarch and Boccaccio were the first renaissance humanists. These two scholars recovered many ancient manuscripts during the 1300s. They studied and imitated the ancient writings and gave much importance to style. Petrarch through his poetry and Boccaccio through his stories, tried to describe human feelings. They felt that understanding and dealing with human problems was more important than trying to understand the mysteries of God's will. During the early 1300s, the Florentine painter Giotto became the first artist to portray nature radically. Art was dominated during the late 1400s and early 1500s by three men - Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. The focus of renaissance art was on realism. Michelangelo's Statue of Moses, Raphael's portrait of Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci's the Last Supper and Mona Lisa, these are the greatest achievements of renaissance art.  THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL  The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature became fashionable in England during this period. As a result English men became familiar with the works of Aristotle and other classical authors. The new learning promoted the growth of Universities. During Henry VII's reign, Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at Oxford and Colet lectured on the Greek Testament. Colet founded St Paul's Grammar school, the first school in England and devoted to the study of classical literature. William Lily was its first head master. Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother o Henry VII, was herself a patroness o the New Learning. She founded two Cambridge colleges- Christ's and St John's. Erasmus was another great scholar who taught at Cambridge and inspired Latimer and Fisher with his ideas. Thomas More, in his book Utopia, described the ideal land. More was far ahead of his time in his ideas and principles. Two other noble men, the Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt, had travelled to Italy and brought back the sonnet form of poetry which had flourished since Petrarch's time and poetry languished in England. During Elizabeth's reign, with Surrey and Wyatt, England become 'a nest of a singing birds'. The sonnet become very fashionable and great masters like Spenser, Sidney and Shakespeare wrote several poems in the form.  NEW INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES  Enthusiasm for learning was therefore characteristics of the Renaissance. The Renaissance period was filled with its love for education, gave rise to an interest in science. the most important invention of the period was the first printing press, was set up in England by William Caxton. It was established at Westminster in 1476. Another important inventions were Mariner's compass and telescope by which Nicolas Copernicus proved that the sun was the center around which the earth and other planets revolved. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks made it necessary for the European nations to find new trade route to the East. Thus Columbus discovered America, Vascoda Gama found the sea route to India and Ferdinand was the first to sail around the world.  THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF ENGLAND  There was a tremendous change in the economic condition of England. The population increased and many new villages sprang up. Industry received a boost due to the large quantities of coal, tin, and iron which were mined. Society was distinguished into two classes. One was very wealthy and the other one was very poor. The Feudal system was in practice. The king was at the top and below him the barons and nobles. The men of the renaissance enjoyed several outdoor activities and sports.  CONCLUSION  Renaissance figures like Petrarch, Boccaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci set such high standards that they remain celebrated to this day. The Renaissance is a period of tremendous achievement. 'To drink life to the lees' seemed to be the motto of the Renaissance men.