User:Yates9/neuroscience basic

Learning Neuroscience

 * Creating a Wikibook Notes
 * Books for experts


 * general 1
 * BDNF: neurotrophin, acts by binding to cell receptors TrkB ("Track B") and LNGFR (low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, or p75) and modulating transmission
 * NGF: small secreted protein which is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons (nerve cells)
 * Neurotrophin: part of a class of growth factors, secreted proteins, capable of signaling particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow
 * CASK: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine protein Kinase - is a multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking
 * Scaffold_protein: not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes
 * Wnt signaling pathway: Wg (wingless) and Int (Integration) sites of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) - a network of proteins involved in embryogenesis, cancer, and normal physiological function
 * DLG4 or PSD-95 Disks Large homoloG 4 (DLG4 gene), recruited into NMDA receptor and K channel clusters
 * Catenin: proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells
 * Cadherin: (Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules) are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins. Important in cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together.
 * Neuroligin: a postsynaptic protein that helps to glue together neurons at the synapse (implicated in autism +)
 * Synaptogenesis: the formation of synapses
 * G-protein: (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell; communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors
 * GABA: Plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone. In insect species GABA acts only on excitatory nerve receptors
 * Complexin: a nerve tissue protein bound to the SNARE protein complex; transport vesicle protein synaptotagmin, among others, in the presence of Ca2+, displaces complexin allowing the SNARE protein complex to bind the transport vesicle to the presynaptic membrane
 * N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein (NSF): Homohexameric AAA ATPase involved in membrane fusion, ubiquitous in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Central to the transfer of membrane vesicles from one membrane compartment to another
 * AAA_proteins
 * SNARE_(protein): "SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptors"; a protein superfamily whose primary role is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment (such as a lysosome)
 * SNAP-25: a component of the SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together
 * Synaptotagmin: family of membrane-trafficking proteins; C2 domains of certain synaptotagmins bound to calcium, synaptotagmins were proposed to function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion
 * VAMP Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein: Vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMP) are a family of SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion
 * Synaptobrevin: small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the VAMP family
 * AMPAR
 * SNARE_proteins
 * Green_fluorescent_protein
 * Bromophenol_blue
 * Noggin
 * EGTA_(chemical)
 * Secretagogue
 * GTPgammaS
 * Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitors
 * Nernst_equation
 * Imide
 * Arabidopsis
 * Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
 * Agonist
 * Arachidonic_acid
 * PIP2
 * Oligomer
 * PI3K
 * Protein_kinase_A
 * Calmodulin
 * Thiol
 * Chelation
 * Peroxisome
 * Tetrodotoxin toxic, blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes
 * Refractory_period_(physiology)
 * Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT): a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons, to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles
 * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell
 * Somatic Sensory Afferents Linking to CNS


 * background physics
 * Siemens_(unit)
 * RC_circuit


 * neurotransmitters
 * Neurotransmitters
 * Acetylcholine
 * Glutamate most common 90%
 * GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid common
 * Acetylcholine
 * Epinephrine or Adrenaline: hormone and neurotransmitter, produced increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
 * Norepinephrine or NE or Noradrenaline
 * Glycine: an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina
 * Substance P: an undecapeptide, neuropeptide functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator, found in the brain and spinal cord, and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain


 * neurotransmitters uptake / degrade
 * Monoamine_oxidase (MAO): a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria
 * Catechol-O-methyl transferase: one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine


 * receptors
 * Metabotropic receptor: are indirectly linked with ion-channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins
 * Ionotropic receptor: a group of trans-membrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e., a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter
 * G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)
 * Ligand gated ion channel (LGIC)
 * Glutamate_receptor
 * Metabotropic glutamate receptor
 * NMDA receptor: ionotropic glutamate receptor, noted for voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ ions
 * AMPA receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors, mediates fast synaptic transmission in CNS
 * Kainate receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors
 * Receptor_tyrosine_kinase
 * GABA_receptor
 * GABA A receptor: ionotropic, ligand gated
 * GABAB receptor: metabotropic
 * Glycine_receptor
 * Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: metabotropic
 * Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: ionotropic
 * Serotonin receptor, 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) except 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel
 * Adrenergic receptor: class of G protein-coupled catecholamine receptors, (esp. norepinephrine and epinephrine), not dopamine (also a catecholamine)
 * Dopamine receptor:
 * Histamine receptor: G protein-coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand
 * Cannabinoid receptor type 1, (CB1) widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors, act as endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, common plasticity


 * somatic sensory system
 * Somatic nervous system: SNS part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli, which helps keep the body in touch with its surroundings
 * Mechanoreceptor: respond to mechanical stimuli by firing action potentials
 * Meissner's corpuscle: mechanoreceptors, sensitivity to light touch - spacial acuity 3 mm - 50 Hz peak sensitivity - in dermal papillae
 * Merkel nerve ending: mechanoreceptors, form and texture with stimuli of edges, points, corners - spacial acuity of 0.5 mm - 5 Hz peak freq - in tip of epidermal sweat ridges
 * Ruffini's_end_organ: mechanireceptor, tangential force, hand shape, motion direction, hand stretch - spacial acuity 7+ mm - 0.5 Hz peak sensitivity - in the dermis
 * Pacinian corpuscle: mechanoreceptor, perceive distant events through vibration - spacial acuity 10mm+ - 200 Hz peak sensitivity - nerve endings in dermis and deeper tissues
 * Gamma_motoneurons: efferent component of the fusimotor system, the system by which the central nervous system controls and modifies muscle spindle sensitivity
 * Α-motoneuron: large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord; innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction
 * Sensory nerve: of various types Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain
 * Type Ia sensory fiber: a component of a muscle fiber's muscle spindle which keeps track of how fast a muscle stretch changes
 * Ib or Golgi tendon organ: a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle
 * Type II sensory fiber: stretch receptor, non-adapting, keeps responding even when the muscle has stopped changing its length
 * A delta fiber, III or Aδ or fast pain: a type of sensory fiber associated with cold and pressure, and as nociceptors they convey fast pain information
 * IV or Group C nerve fiber or slow pain: C fibers are responsible for slow, dull, longer-lasting, second pain


 * various interesting
 * Cognitive_enhancers
 * Modafinil