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On the Analogy Between Business and Sport: Towards an Aristotelian Response to The Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics
It is an academic essay examining critically the analogy between business and sports ethics via an Aristotelian viewpoint while questioning, in doing so, the MFA approach to business ethics. The paper presents an argument for having the ethical frameworks guiding business and sports be different on the grounds that there are fundamentally different natures of participation, intrinsic goods produced, and the motivation of the participant.

First, the willing-participation line suggests that sport—by its very nature—might include participation where the participant knows he is accepting certain risks and adversarial conditions. This is in contrast to business transactions, where the participation may often be not willing and adversarial impacts may also be broader and more harmful. Moreover, the paper advances that goods emanating from sports, such as enjoyment, community, and personal development, are to be found in the activity, are valued as such, and never as a means, first in profit-making. Lastly, this paper will discuss how motivation to do sports usually comes from love for the activity, with motivations often greatly extrinsically based on profit and competition, and not so much the motivator for doing business. These arguments guide a nuanced approach to business ethics that allows, rather than mere borrowing from, to borrow from sports ethics.

So you want to work in sports? An exploratory study of sport business employability
This work is in the form of an academic document reviewing critically the analogy between business and sports ethics through the Aristotelian perspective, with particular focus on the Market Failures Approach (MFA) to business ethics. While this paper concedes that sports are both business and competitive in nature, precisely for that reason, the ethical framework guiding sport should certainly not be the same as for business, and vice versa, for fundamental differences do exist in who plays, what goods are produced, and motivations for participation.

First, the argument is put forth on the ground that sports are intrinsically characterized as a voluntary participation element, whereby the participant is allowing adversarial risks and conditions based on his own volition, but the adversarial impacts in business are often non-voluntary in nature and may even have broader, more detrimental consequences. Second, it is posited by the paper that the goods produced from sports, such as happiness, community, and individual goods, are intrinsic to the activity itself and valued for their own sake, rather than being predominantly profit-driven. Finally, it looks at how motivation within sport more typically arises out of pure love for the practice, bringing with it an ethos of the commitment to ethical standards naturally integrated into the sport rather than from any more extrinsically focused motivation to, for instance, make a profit or to compete. The paper has used these elements to argue for an alternative, nuanced business ethic that takes these radical differences into account, rather than simply importing sport ethic concepts into the business domain. The reviewed paper above finds alignment with the burgeoning demand from the sports business sector for employability and skills required from employers by sports management programs. The researchers looked at 613 job postings between 2008 and 2018 and found some that indicated qualifications more onerous but also many more that signaled a much larger emphasis on "communication," "emotional intelligence," and "adaptability"—meta-skills. It includes areas that have really grown and are growing fast in sport business today, such as e-sports, sport tourism, and advanced analytics. It also shows that the sport management programs could be offering what an employer is not looking for. This only shows that the curriculum of most programs does not prepare properly in this field, where sport is mainly an unrelenting reality check of non-traditional work hours and cutthroat competitions vastly different from other business sectors. Key findings showed a significant increase in demand for both analytical skills and emotional intelligence, mirroring a larger trend toward more sophisticated, data-driven decisions among sports management. It also investigated what these trends may mean for educational practices, with recommendations to the effect that programs turn their focus more toward developing practical, transferable skills which would aid graduates in negotiating a rapidly changing job market. The research is thus enlightening, of practical value to sport management education educators and administrators, and they should be suggested to review their curriculum and training approaches in a light of achieving more alignment with industry needs, enhancing the level of graduate employability in the market that is extremely competitive.

There is no nil in NIL: examining the social media value of student-athletes' names, images, and likeness
The battle between the NCAA and student-athletes over being compensated for their NIL (name, image, likeness) is one that has been fought for as long as college sports have been around. Athletes believe their NIL holds value, and the NCAA has proposed that the scholarship they receive is enough compensation. That was until 2021, when the courts passed a law that allowed student-athletes to profit off of their NIL. This article dives into the research on the actual value of a student-athlete’s NIL, and more specifically the value they have from their social media accounts. The research would gather data from thousands of athletes in football and basketball, and would analyze the valuation of their social media accounts based on various factors such as their annual value CPM, their engagement, their followers, likes, etc. Using all of this data, the researchers were able to conclude that the NCAA’s claim that student-athletes lack meaningful NIL value is false.

The sport value framework - a new fundamental logic for analyses in sport management
The article aims to find a better understanding of sports management and marketing in order to improve decisions within these fields. In order to better their understanding, researchers critically reviewed previous literature about sports management and developed new perspectives on sports markets. The current thinking in sports management and marketing is through an approach called “goods dominant logic,” or GDL for short. The logic in GDL is that firms believe they create value by piling their resources together and having customers buy products and consume their value. This, however, does not fully explain what is seen in sports management. Instead, a new framework called Sport Value Framework, or SVF for short, which is based around Service-Dominant Logic, or SDL for short, better explains how value is truly created. SVF suggests that sporting events are used as platforms to create value through people and the organizations working together. This works at three different levels, intra-level, micro-level, and meso-level. The intra-level looks at the role and behaviors of the companies, customers, and other people with stake. The micro-level is the relationship between the sports companies and their customers. The meso-level includes everyone who plays a role in creating value for the sports market. These three different levels work together to create value for a sports market. In all, sports management and marketing cannot be looked as if it were managing a value chain, but rather to view it as a network, where everyone involved plays a role to create value.

eSports Venues A New Sport Business Opportunity
In an article written by Dr. Seth Jenny, the world of eSports is broken down. The article serves to educate people on the growing eSports industry and all the changes that have had to happen to support the growth. The first major change is the need for venues to support the growing attendance of events. In 2016 173,000 people attended a two weekend tournament in Poland outperforming many of the more conventional sports. These audiences present a major business opportunity by creating new jobs and allowing for venues to make more money. A few examples of venues used for e sports are Madison Square Garden, Staples Center, Air Canada Center, and many more popular arenas. By hosting eSports events, these venues are able to offer their employees more work hours which for some can make a huge difference in their lives. In conclusion, the next decade will likely see a major rise in business opportunities with the eSports industry.

Sports Business Resilience in the COVID-19 Crisis: The Delphi Qualitative Approach
This article aims to break down the effect of Covid-19 on the sports industry. When the Covid-19 virus hit in 2019 many professional sports leagues were forced to abruptly suspend or cancel their seasons. One of the most immediate effects was on employment of people within the industry. With a sudden drop in events, there was no longer a need for many jobs such as support staff, venue operators and many more. Due to these cancellations the industry revenue would be cut almost in half. The cancellations also damaged the economies of certain places that rely heavily on the influx of sports fans attending games. Another major issue highlighted in the article is the perception of sports goods and services as entertainment and therefore unnecessary. Due to this perception the industry took a bigger hit than those deemed to be necessary. In conclusion, the pandemic was a major economic disaster for many industries, but the sports industry in specific took a hard hit. Despite this setback the industry as a whole has bounced back and is thriving today.

Educational benefits
When it comes to paying college athletes, there are a lot of rules and regulations. Currently division 1 schools are allowed to offer athletes $5980 a year in what is known as educational benefit money. This money is available to athletes who are on a scholarship worth more than $2500. Student-athletes can earn educational benefit money by completing various educational goals outside the classroom. These goals may include attending financial literacy workshops, investment classes, career development seminars, and other activities aimed at enhancing their academic and life skills. This money, unlike a scholarship, is sent directly to an athlete's bank and is able to be used on whatever they need. It could be used for tuition, food, rent, or simply for them to have some extra spending money. These additional funds have become a crucial part of an athlete's budget as they are often unable to work a job due to their athletic commitments.

Athletic Scholarship
Earning a scholarship is the goal for many high schoolers and college sports offer that opportunity. While very few high school athletes earn athletic scholarships, they can offer them an opportunity to get a college education that they otherwise may not have had. Athletic Scholarships vary based on the division of the school. Division 3 schools are not allowed to offer any athletic scholarships to their athletes but are still able to offer academic scholarships. Division 2 and Division 1 schools are allowed to offer scholarships to their athletes. Each sport is allowed a certain number of scholarships that is set by the NCAA. This can be a challenge for some sports when there are far more athletes than there are scholarships. Because of this, depending on the school and sport, the amount of the scholarship can vary from a partial scholarship to full scholarship. Once an athlete is on scholarship the athletic department pays the school the amount of the scholarship.

Return on Investment
Return on Investment (ROI) is one of the basic financial measures that are used in appraising profitability and efficiency of an investment regarding the outlay. It enlightens the investor about the proceeds accruing from an investment in relation to what they spent at the beginning. The formula employed to compute ROI is very simple: Take the realized net profit or gain out of an investment, divide it by the cost of the initial investment, then express it in percentage form. A very useful metric for making performance comparisons among the opportunities, projects, or initiatives presented to businesses, investors, or decision-makers. The larger the ROI is, the better the return concerning investment cost. If negative, then it does represent an actual investment loss.

In other words, ROI is an invaluable guiding tool for informing businesses of making pragmatic decisions concerning the investment, distribution, or application of resources in such a way that it generates maximum returns and assures continued long-term financial sustenance.

Supply Chain Management
Supply chain management (SCM) is defined as a series of interlinked activities and operations from procurement and production to inventory management and all the way through point-of-sale, distribution, and beyond to make inputs transform into the flow of goods and services from suppliers to consumers in the form of finished goods. Supply chain management (SCM) is important in a sports management perspective to ensure a proper flow in the different activities related to the organization and execution of sporting events, goods, and services procurement, distribution, and other related activities. Here are some examples of how SCM principles apply in sports management:

- Event management: SCM principles are used to manage the sports event, which includes the tournaments, matches, and competition of games. This includes logistic coordination in terms of place setting, transportation, accommodation, ticketing, and providing for ensuring that operations are flawless and an enjoyable experience is delivered to participants and audiences.

- Merchandise and Apparel: Most organizations, sports teams, and organizations do their production, distribution, and sales of branded merchandise and apparel with logos and trademarks. SCM principles help in the optimization with inventory management, material sourcing, manufacturing processes, and distribution channels to meet the demand in the maximal way, hence the revenue.

- Equipment Procurement: Procurement of sports equipment, gear, and facilities is an activity that involves managing supplier relations, contracting negotiations, and ensuring timely delivery of contracted goods. The equipment procured for training and competition can derive benefits of the sports organization for efficient processes, cost minimization, and maintaining quality standards.

- Athlete Services: SCM can also be useful for managing services from making travel arrangements and booking accommodations to availing medical supplies to the athlete. Sport organizations can articulate their services in a way that they will be supportive of the needs of athletes and help optimize performance while reducing interruptions of the training and competition schedules.

- Broadcasting and Media Rights: In this regard, the SCM principles deal with contract negotiations, management of content distribution channels, and making broadcasts available to worldwide audiences much before the actual date of broadcast. Efficient SCM practices will also help in realizing value from broadcasting and media rights for any sports organization. This practice is very beneficial to the organizations in that it ensures effective utilization of resources, improved efficiency in operation, and value addition toward stakeholders that contribute to successful and sustainable practice within the sports industry.

Sports Agent
A sports agent is a professional that is hired by an athlete to represent them in activities such as, contract negotiations, endorsements, business deals, and their overall brand image. Sports agents will try to get the best possible opportunities for their athlete, whether that be through an endorsement deal, contract with a professional team, or public appearances. In addition to helping athletes with outreach, sports agents will also often provide guidance and support in an athlete’s financial and overall life planning. For example, agents may book an athlete’s flights and hotels for them. Another area where sports agents help athletes is by helping to manage their public image. Agents will advise their athletes on what they should say during press conferences, and may arrange different meet-and-greet sessions or charitable events in an effort to boost their public image. In return for their services, sports agents will often take a percentage of the deals that they help the athlete to acquire.

Sports sponsorship
Sports sponsorship is a partnership between a company (sponsor) and their brand representative (sports team, event, athlete). The objective of a sponsorship is to create publicity or awareness for a brand, and in return the person, team, or event that is creating this publicity is compensated. The compensation can come in many forms, but is often in the form of money or free product. The reason companies decide to use sports sponsorships instead of traditional media or other kinds of ads is because it can reach new markets, engage with customers, and attract media attention. By sponsoring specific teams or athletes, companies can appeal to a more specified audience. It also can create positive publicity for a brand since consumers often have a positive view of their favorite athletes or teams, and will then view their product or brand more positively. All of these things will ultimately lead to financial gains for the companies.

Teamworks
Teamworks is an app designed to help teams communicate and schedule events. Georgia Tech athletics uses the app to connect Athletes, Coaches, Academic staff, and others involved in athletics. Athletes can also view their athletic and academic schedules. Coaches can use the app to communicate with individual athletes or the entire team, delivering crucial information regarding practice schedules, team meetings, and much more. Academic advisors can synchronize athletes' academic schedules with their athletic commitments, ensuring a balanced schedule avoiding time conflicts. They can also use it to schedule tutoring, study hall, and other academic related events. Finally athletic training staff use the app to communicate with coaches and athletes regarding injuries and recovery. Overall, Teamworks plays a major role in enhancing communication, organization, and support within the Georgia Tech athletic community and many other sports organizations, ultimately contributing to the development and success of student-athletes both on and off the field.

ESPN
ESPN is one of the most important platforms in the sports industry. ESPN is a television network that streams athletic events and athletic related content. Last year ESPN generated over $16 billion and profited about $2.9 billion. ESPN is a crucial part of how sports teams make money as the network has invested heavily into acquiring the media rights to some of the most well-known sports leagues. An example of this is ESPN owing the rights to a league is its rights to stream ACC conference events. ESPN has its own sub-network called the ACC network that is dedicated to streaming all ACC athletic events and athletic related content. In order to own the rights to the ACC media, ESPN signed a $1 billion deal lasting 12 years. The money from the deal is then distributed to all the members of the conference and comes out to about $ 7 million a year for each school.

teamSNAP
With TeamSnap, you get all the tools you need: from scoring games to the season statbook. TeamSnap is comprehensive sports team management software, designed to help diminish complex essential administrative duties in the management of your team in different sports. It is designed for a user-friendly platform so that work can be easy in terms of coordination, organization, and communication with and for the players, parents, coaches, or managers. Thus, for the adult traveler, this forms an important tool with useful features that cover team scheduling, roster management, availability tracking, and messaging from teams at ordinary youth league levels to professional organizationsᅳfeatures very characteristic of TeamSnap. It's easy for coaches to create and share practice schedules, manage player availability, and communicate important updates. At the same time, the mobile app easily avails to the players or rather their parents everything from team information, notifications, to logistics coordinationᅳall in one place. User-friendly and perfectly matching with mobile devices, TeamSnap becomes simply indispensable software for enhanced team performance, facilitated teamwork, and smooth coordination both in indoor and outdoor activity environments. TeamSnap comes with a range of offers in regard to the level of subscription one chooses and features and capabilities. Subscribing to a plan from basic to premium will work for small teams, while organizations that are large will do the same, but with advanced features. Users pay a recurring subscription fee, typically on a monthly or annual basis, to access TeamSnap's platform.

Tableau
Tableau is transforming business intelligence with its market-leading, powerful software for data visualization that enables organizations to translate their data into actionable insights and arrive at decisions much more rapidly and effectively. Tableau makes it really easy to connect virtually any kind of data source to Tableau, from a simple spreadsheet to a whole database, using an intuitive drag-and-drop interface. Tableau allows you to dig into your sales trends, track the key performance indicators, or even find patterns in customer behavior.

Key Features:

Dynamic and Interactive Dashboards: This will enable stakeholders to be in a position to filter data and drill down into details accordingly with their interests, hence building dynamic dashboards for the users. Advanced Analytics: Tableau explores your data by offering advanced analytics features such as predictive analytics and statistical analysis, which help you unveil the hidden patterns in the information.

Real-time Data Integration: Connect with sources of real-time data and create live dashboards that will update themselves whenever new data continues to stream into the dashboard. Collaboration and Sharing: With Tableau, users can easily collaborate in their work through the sharing of the visualizations or dashboards created with other staff, clients, or stakeholders from within Tableau Server or Tableau Online.

Tableau is such a versatile, user-friendly tool that any business or organization looking to churn out practical insights from en masse data and help them make decisions will find it perfectly fitting.

INFLCR
INFLCR is an app that helps athletes to create and empower their brand, and to create monetary opportunities. The platform provides the tools and resources for athletes to monetize their NIL opportunities. One way that INFLCR helps athletes is by managing their content. This helps athletes to build their brand because it creates one place where they can find all their content, as well as tools to edit it. It also helps athletes to connect with different NIL opportunities directly within the app. The NIL opportunities are very transparent, as it shows the requirement for the post, and the compensation that the athlete will receive upon completion. INFLCR also helps an athlete to build their brand through their social media pages. It can directly link to an athlete's social media pages to provide easy access for posts, monitor their presence on social media, and analyze different metrics such as engagement and their digital growth. With these different insights, athletes are better equipped to optimize their content to have a greater outreach and to get more NIL opportunities.

Helper Helper
Helper Helper is a community service app where people are able to connect to volunteers for various different experiences and events. It offers opportunities for different organizations, businesses, schools, and athletes to engage in community service activities. It also offers a platform for employees, students, and athletes to find different volunteer opportunities and to be able to log their service hours. Additionally, it offers many informational opportunities through webinars or classes. Helper Helper is often used in universities to help student athletes earn educational benefits through the Alston awards. They are usually required to log a certain amount of hours in the app, whether that be through attending community service events, webinars, Q&A zooms sessions, or career related events. These opportunities are often very useful for student-athletes as it can help them to potentially prepare for different careers outside of athletics, or to simply get experience working in community service and helping others.

Georgia Tech Track and Field Team
The Georgia Tech Track and Field team is one of the Georgia Tech sports that compete at the NCAA Division 1 level. Like most division one sports, it takes a lot of money to compete at the highest level. Like a lot of the Olympic sports, the Track and Field team does not generate more money than it spends, so it must rely on other sources. The team is funded mostly by the school's athletic department and money from donors. The team must factor in scholarships, coaching salaries, uniforms, travel costs, facility maintenance, recruiting and much more into their budget. In 2023 the team was able to raise enough money to build a new multi-million-dollar locker room with the help of multiple generous donors. There are some years where the team makes more money such as this year due to them hosting the ACC meet. They received a good amount of money to renovate some of the team's facilities to better prepare for the meet.

Club Track and Field Team
The Club Track and Field team at Georgia Tech is not one of the division 1 sports offered at the school, however it is made up of many very dedicated and talented athletes. The biggest difference between the Division 1 Track team and Club Track team is funding and expenses. While the official team spends well over a million dollars a year and is funded by the athletic department, the club team only spends a couple thousand per year and they are forced to raise a large portion of that. The first way the team makes money is through club dues. While club dues can help pay for smaller things such as uniforms, they still have other expenses such as traveling costs, meet entry fees, and more. In order to fund everything they have to rely on fundraisers and other donations from parents and former athletes. Fortunately they have been granted access to use Griffin Track saving them time and money by not having to find a community track.

Sports Business Conference
Sports Business Conference is the flagship annual event for professionals operating at the intersection of sport and business. The forum is organized by several organizations and gives a very important platform in which stakeholders within the management of sports, including marketing, finance, and entrepreneurship, gather to exchange insights or ideas for collaboration. This is a two-day event comprising several activities designed for networking, learning from each other, and professional growth. The most respected names of sports business deliver keynote presentations, together with stimulating panel discussions and hands-on workshops. The event also has dedicated networking sessions that give the room for forging new partnerships with peers and expanding one's professional network. The Sports Business Conference brings students' attention to and educates them about the unparalleled opportunity to network with the best minds leading the way in innovation within the dynamic industry of sports business.

Volunteer Work
Volunteering in business or sports, at the same time, is a good opportunity for people to give back to their communities while they engage with their business or sports to gain more skills and networks. Such may include mentoring startup aspiring entrepreneurs, volunteering for pro-bono consulting services in startups, and coaching youth sports team or organizing charity events for local sports organizations. The essence of volunteering is contributing skills and passion to very worthy causes in such a way as to make a difference for personal fulfillment and social impact. The other aspect of it is skill development, leadership, and network expansion. This is because the volunteers can always work and collaborate with numerous stakeholders on different sets of challenges, hence allowing the volunteers to have an open mind. They reach out to their communities through volunteer efforts, be it in business-related activities or sports. The involvement of volunteer effort gives back to their community the person as an integral part and leader of his or her community, whether it be business or sports.

Georgia Tech Golf Team
The Georgia Tech Golf Team is one of the premier sports teams at Georgia Tech. Over the course of its 105 year history, the Georgia Tech Golf Team has collected 19 ACC Conference titles and 104 total team wins. The team has made 31 NCAA Finals appearances and has come runner-up four times. They have also had three individual winners of the NCAA Championship. Hall of Fame head coach Bruce Heppler has been at the helm since 1996, and is considered one of the greatest golf coaches of all time. The program has also been host to many notable golfers such as Bobby Jones, Lary Mize, David Duval, Stewart Cink, Cameron Tringale, Matt Kuchar, and Andy Ogletree. The golf team practices at The Golf Club of Georgia, Atlanta Athletic Club, East Lake Golf Club, and Capital City Golf Club. All of these clubs require the school to pay for the student’s memberships, which in total adds up to millions of dollars. Although they are members at many of the premier golf destinations in Georgia, most of their team practice is done at the Noonan Golf Facility, which is a private driving range in the heart of Atlanta. The facility opened in 2017 and is a state of the art facility that features a full driving range, 14 different greens, and 9 hole par 3 course. This state of the art practice facility was a $16 million dollar project. This project was funded through donors of the Georgia Tech golf team. The construction of the facility was also done by one of Georgia Tech’s major donors.

TechWayNIL
The TechWayNIL is a collective that helps to assist student-athletes financially by signing them to NIL (name, image, likeness) deals. NIL is a program that started in 2021. It is a way for student-athletes to become compensated for their success and a way for companies to endorse athletes. Before 2021, student athletes were not allowed to make any money off of their name, image, and likeness. NIL has provided opportunities to student athletes to make the money off of their name that they previously had been missing out on. NIL is also a way for schools to recruit athletes by either helping to cover their tuition and fees, or simply as a way to sweeten the pot and entice athletes to come to their school. The TechWayNIL is Georgia Tech’s collective NIL program. This program leverages the collective power of the alumni, as well as others, to help Georgia Tech recruit the best athletes, and to provide them with the best experience possible.