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The Armenian alphabet has been used for writing the Armenian language since the 5th century. According to the dominant scholarly view, it was invented by Mesrop Mashtots around 405 and was at least partially modeled after the Greek alphabet with possible Pahlavi and Aramaic influence.



History
ru:История создания армянского алфавита

ru:Месроп Маштоц

Invention
Mesrop Mashtots


 * Political background


 * Invention


 * Date


 * Alternative theories

Evolution
history of changes

փափագանօք 1046

Մուֆարզինն 1037

Relationship with other scripts

 * Greek model
 * Aramaic/Pahlavi influence
 * Relationship with Georgian and Caucasian Albanian

The alphabet is unique, although it is based on the ancient Greek uncials and the Armazi script of the Aramaic language.

followed Greek alphabet

And although he cites an article on Mashtots' and his script by this reviewer, he seems to fail to have taken adequate account of its principal argument that the non-Greek letters come from local Aramaic types. Certainly no serious researcher regards these other letters as inventions ex nihilo of Mashtots' himself.

According to George L. Trager, James R. Russell, and others the Georgian alphabet was modeled after the Armenian one. Russel writes that the Caucasian Albanian alphabet was also based on the Armenian model. Others argue that the Georgian alphabet was modeled after Greek or Pahlevi.
 * Georgian and Caucasian Albanian

Ethiopian
Geʽez

https://evnreport.com/raw-unfiltered/ethiopian-armenians-ancient-allies-and-imperial-confidants/ Rubina Sevadjian, an author who writes and lectures on the Armenians of Ethiopia is one of the leading authorities on Ethiopian-Armenian history, In 2019, the Anglo-Ethiopian Society hosted a lecture at the University of London with Sevadjian to discuss the Armenians of Ethiopia. She began by addressing a common misconception of whether the Ethiopian alphabet was written by Mesrop Mashtots. She says that not only was the Ethiopian alphabet not created by Mesrop Mashtots, but the writing system known as Ge’ez used by Ethiopians was created hundreds of years before the Armenian alphabet. Furthermore, Mashtots may have been influenced by the Ge’ez script as religious figures would often intermingle in Jerusalem.

https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA674736383&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=0307661X&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ee130981c Amharic writing. Citation metadata Author: John Gueriguian Date: Oct. 25, 2013 From: TLS. Times Literary Supplement(Issue 5769) Publisher: NI Syndication Limited kinship between the Amharic script and the Armenian alphabet (Letters, … Ge'ez script was modified by the addition of vowels eight centuries later, about the time when the Armenian

Numerals
The original 36 letters of the Armenian alphabet were historically used for writing numbers.

Use for non-Armenian languages
Due to historical circumstances, some Armenian communities who had lost the Armenian language but retained their Armenian identity have used the Armenian alphabet to write in foreign languages. According to Hacikyan el al. more than 10 languages—including Turkish, Kipchak, Latin, Greek, Assyrian, Iranian, Arabic, Polish, Hungarian, Russian, and Azerbaijani—have been written using the Armenian alphabet between the 12th and 19th centuries.

During the 16th and 17th centuries there were some Kipchak-speaking Armenian communities in Ukraine (particularly Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi), Poland, Romania, Moldavia, Crimea, and Turkey. They did not speak Armenian, but wrote Kipchak in Armenian letters. They left a literary heritage of 112 surviving publications from 1521 and 1669.

The 18th century Armenian bard Sayat-Nova, known for hybridizing languages, wrote some of his poems in Azeri using Armenian letters.

Turkish
The most extensive literature in a foreign language that was written in the Armenian alphabet is in Turkish. Dubbed "Armeno-Turkish" by scholars, it was used extensively through the 19th century. However, it was in use since the 18th century—the first Turkish work written in Armenian was published in 1727—and the practice continued well into the 20th century with the last work having been published in 1968.

https://books.google.am/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C&pg=PA58&dq=Armeno-Turkish

was accessible not only to an Armenian audience, but also to Ottoman readers more generally.

Ottoman Turkish language

thirty-eight letters, thirty-one of which are used in Armeno-Turkish

Certainly, for the purposes of the learner, it is infinitely superior to the Arabic, with its undeterminable pronunciation, or the Greek, with its cumbersome diacritical points, when they are used for the Turkish language.

This application continued until 1968. Armenians throughout the relation continuing for centuries adopted Turkish, published Turkish works in every field by conserving their own alphabet (novel, newspapers, magazine, religious texts, technical works, etc.), spoke Turkish at their homes, prayed in Turkish at their churches.

the first printed Turkish work in Armenian script was published in 1727

Armenian script is more suitable for the voice structure of Turkish than Arabic script.

The three manuals mentioned, when considered together, demonstrate that Armeno-Turkish, which facilitated written communication to some extent, did not only address Armenians, but also Turks, missionaries and even European residents of the empire.

Ahmet Mithat in 1874

Mithat wrote "If one is to examine the existing scripts one would see that the most excellent is the Armenian one."

one can conclude that in the last decade of the nineteenth century Turks experienced an apparent rise in their familiarity with Armeno-Turkish.

Armeno-Turkish must have been significant to Ottoman Turks. It provided a local yet modern example for them, especially after the 1880s when the publication of Armeno-Turkish textbooks, as well as translations and adaptations from French literature, considerably increased. Thus, some of the most important figures among the founders of modern Turkish literature met European literature through Armeno-Turkish, which, being local and modern (or just ‘new’) at the same time, reduced the distance or even smoothed the differences between them and western culture.



According to Laurent Mignon

The first novel to be published in Turkish was Akabi Hikâyesi (Ագապի հիքեայեսի, The Story of Akabi) by Hovsep Vartanian, written using the Armenian alphabet. Published in 1851, it touches upon the sectarianism in the Armenian community, between Armenian Apostolics and Armenian Catholics.

As an Armenian aristocrat among the 17th century Ottoman intellectuals, Eremia Chelebi Komurjian (tr, arm) has used Ottoman Turkish with the Armenian alphabet to write the poem The Jewish Bride which reflects the poet’s intercultural interaction within the given time period. http://www.monografjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/05.azra_sancak.pdf

Kurdish
Armenian was the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the Soviet Union. The Kurmanji dialect spoken in Soviet Armenia was standardized in 1921 when it was set to Armenian letters. However, this script did not gain a very wide circulation. It remained in use for less than a decade and was replaced with one based on Latin in 1929, followed by a Cyrillic-based one in 1946.

Historical significance
Once the Armenian alphabet was invented in early fifth century (by the monk Mesrop Mashtots), it added another layer of uniqueness to identity. It was seen as a God-inspired alphabet to translate the sacred texts of the new religion. A cultural ‘golden century’ began with the production of religious and secular texts, including manuscripts on history. Many of these texts combined the religious and the ‘national’. For example, the fifth- to sixth-century historian, Eghishe, stressed both the importance of fighting for Christianity or Truth, and the need to protect ancestral customs; he combined personal salvation with ‘national’ survival.

What keeps Armenians Armenian? Levon Zekiyan: "...comes down to a single idea. And the key to it is the script. Mesrop Mashtots was our greatest political thinker. [...] If the Armenians were to survive without territory, they had to have a common idea, something that was theirs alone. The script embodies the idea."

Reception
It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet" -- Lord Byron

Antoine Meillet

Gallery
https://archive.org/details/pantographiacont00fryeiala/page/12/mode/1up?view=theater
 * Pantographia Edmund Fry, 1799

Baghdasar Arzoumanian
 * Ոսկե այբուբեն

https://www.facebook.com/Azg.news/photos/a.1503832853207415/1504011563189544/?type=3

https://ter-hambardzum.net/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A8/

Христианство, а также армянский алфавит, изобретенный в V веке Месропом Маштоцем (золотой алфавит, хранящийся в кладовых Эчмиадзина, армяне считают священной реликвией) https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/18125

Հայկական այբուբենի 1680 թվականի հրատարակություն, Լայպցիգ, Գերմանիա։ http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0armenian-armbook%2Carmenian%2Chajgirqn%2Chaygirq%2CNo_Date_Books%2CazgayinZz-foreign-01-10-10-0---0---0direct-10---4---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-01-1-0-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=armenian&cl=CL5.40&d=HASH011b62b690a13f64bc2cce95&fbclid=IwAR2BYEI4bKH6UEI3-U3lbocZ0nGTTPShSpOYkcSvYVVd0lbJirCvXc8TrPQ

http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/collect/armenian/Books/abdias_hayeren/book/index.html#page/88/mode/2up