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= Nuclear Risk Reduction Centre (NRRC) = The Nuclear Risk Reduction Center is part of the United States Department of State. It was created in 1987 after an agreement between the United States Secretary of State and the Soviet Foreign Minister for creating an additional channel of communication for the prevention of nuclear war. The NRRC was operational from April 1, 1988, and is online 24 hours a day and relays information on the arms activities of both nations to prevent an accidental outbreak of nuclear war. The centre expanded in 2013 in scope to convey inquiries and messages regarding cybersecurity incidents. On October 31, 2016, the channel conveyed a message an end to the interference of Russia in the United States Presidential election.

Background
The idea about the establishment of the Nuclear Risk Reduction Center can be traced to the Cold war that saw an intense conflict between the two superpowers, the USA, and the USSR. Before the establishment of the centre that aimed at reducing the tensions of a nuclear war outbreak between the United States and the Soviet Union, a report entitled Nuclear Risk Reduction Reports was published in 1986 by the co-authors named Barry M. Blechman and Michael Krepon as part of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies’ (CSSI). The core idea of the report suggested the building of an institutional mechanism that constituted as part of the widely circulated ideas of the era to minimise the tensions between the two countries. The idea gained the support of Senators John Warner and Sam Nunn, who convinced the Reagan administration to pursue the initiative. In 1987, a contract was signed between Presidents Reagan and Gorbachev that led to the establishment of the centre.

Agendas and Possible Solutions
Various agendas, as well as the possible solutions, were mentioned in the NRRC report for its possible application after the establishment of the Nuclear Risk Reduction Centre in the USA and the USSR. It has been stated that in the initial phase of the operations, the centres would be linked by communication equipment similar to that of a 1984 Hot Line. The composition of the centre was also mentioned in detail in the report that would chiefly be comprised of groups of diplomatic, military and intelligence personnel from various government departments and agencies along with civilian as well as technical experts who would be working on a permanent and temporary basis, respectively. The chief function of the Centre would see the communication between the two rival superpowers regarding any form of any perceived warlike situation in both the countries and keep each other informed about every suspicious activity.

Compositions and Functions
The NRRC consists of a 24 hours watch centre that operates 365 days a year and is staffed by the Department of State Foreign Service Officers, Civil Servants as well technical support personnel as part of the Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance. The major functions of the centre include an effective contribution to accurate information exchanges. These exchanges with the treaty partners of the country through arms control agreements and treaties serve as a conduit to building global strategic stability and military confidence. Some of the important functions also include handling the notification regimes for conventional, nuclear, chemical, and cyber arms as well as supervision of the translations of notifications to the United States.

Significance and Impact
The establishment of the institution has resulted in minimising tensions amongst countries concerning the outbreak of a nuclear war. The centre was successful in formulating numerous treaties and agreements. In the immediate aftermath of its establishment in 1987, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles that is commonly known as the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. Similarly, the second Treaty that was implemented by NRRC was signed on July 31, 1991, in Moscow was the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The Treaty was signed between Presidents George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev. The START became a multilateral Treaty in 1992 after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 that included the United States and the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

One of the important agreements include The Vienna Document of 1990, that was implemented by NRRC was a Confidence and Security-Building Measures Agreement (CSBM) whose primary functions include information exchange on military contacts and activities, evaluation visits and inspections.

Influence
The NRRC influenced other nuclear powers to formulate similar centres to resolve the conflicts and mitigate the threat of any form of a nuclear outbreak in the future. two of the most formidable nuclear powers of the Southeast Asian countries like India and Pakistan, who declared their nuclear weapons capabilities and demonstrated it to the world. However, in the ensuing discussions in promoting the stability of their region and safety of the people, albeit the presence of the mass destructive weapons. Thus, in 1998, a group of Indians, Pakistanis, and Americans explored the possibility of peaceful bilateral communication between the two countries and set up NRRC whose primary functions focus on the communication between the two countries regarding the perceived ambiguous activities as well as misinterpretation of any activity as a presage to any form of armed conflict on either side of the borders.

The initial functions of the NRRC, according to the Working Report, constitute the transmission of special, agreement-mandated, and clarification messages, joint exercises of special message procedures, technical backup during crises, and support for periodic consultations on the implementation of existing CBMs. It was decided that after an experience with NRRCs and evaluating its effectiveness, some additional functions were considered by the governments of both that included agreeing on monitoring arrangements for bilateral security agreements, in which the NRRC would play a supporting role as well as give communications support after a disaster with potential catastrophic trans-national consequences.

Is Nuclear Risk Reduction Centre Required?
Nuclear disarmament is still regarded as an important subject of discussion in various countries, especially the United States. Some of the essential measures have been adopted concerning Nuclear Risk Reduction by the agencies like the United Nations. On 17 October 2019, the United Nations Institute for Nuclear Disarmament (UNIND) organised a First Committee side event called Nuclear Risk Reduction: Paths Forward. Some of the crucial discussions have taken place in this regard by the officials. Dr.George Perkovich of the Carnegie Endowment stated that the international community faces greater risk with regard to the continuing crisis between nuclear-weapon States that bears the potential to exacerbate into a full-fledged conflict threatening the safety of the people all over the world. Ms. Amélie Delaroche, Deputy Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva emphasised on the importance of dialogue between states on the subject of nuclear risk reduction, the areas of greatest risks as well as the measures that should be adopted by the states to address those risks. The meassage and the functions of the Nuclear Risk Reduction Centre conflate with the importance that is being accorded to these discussions that aims towards reducing risks with regard to nuclear weapons. It has also been stated that the Nuclear Arms Race that is being observed in countries like Russia and the United States where the Nuclear Risk Reduction Centre was first established is the result of policy of ultra-nationalism in these countries challenges the issue of nuclear disarmament. Thus, as mentioned above, Nuclear Risk Reduction Centres are important for taking steps that addresses the issue of possibility of impending nuclear threats that can result from the aforementioned nuclear arms race.