User:YoungSukMoon/sandbox

Definition
Various studies on music listen and music therapy demonstrated that music activates numerous parts of brain structures involved in cognitive, sensorimotor, and emotional processing. Music engages on various processes of brain, and this engagement can have beneficial effects on the psychological and physiological health of individuals.

Neurologic music therapy (NMT) is a music therapy model based on neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system. NMT is a therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunctions due to neurologic disease of the human nervous system. The population served by NMT include: stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and other neurological disease affecting cognitive, movement, and communication. NMT is research-based and its treatment techniques are based on the scientific knowledge in music perception and production and the effects thereof on nonmusical brain and behavior functions.

Motor
* I've mainly researched: Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Aphasia.

*Parkinsnon's Disease
 * one of the most common and effective treatments of Parkinson's disease is done through L-dopa, which is precursor of dopamine that can get through your blood brain barrier.
 * another great cure for Parkinson's disease that existed since 1960s, and effectiveness of them is fully capable exceeding that of L-dopa: music and dance.
 * Parkinson's disease patient's most distinctive symptom is unnatural flow of movement, and there movements are either most of time frozen or excessively accelerated.
 * However, if you observe more carefully, they also have problem in flow of perception, thoughts, and even feelings.
 * fundamental problem is their inability to initiate movements spontaneously, and this disease comes from dysfunction on your subcortical machinery, especially basal ganglia, that control automatic enaction and succession of movements.
 * Music, outside stimulus, can activate this subcortical machinery, and, as Oliver Sacks put, patients dance out of frame.
 * emphasizes that one of the most critical element in this therapy for Parkinson's disease is a rhythm.
 * not have long lasting effects more than few minutes, but studies are still going on to improve this.

*Aphasia
 * verbal dysfunction such as aphasia, impairment of language ability. This involves not only forgotten vocabularies and grammars, but also lost feeling of rhythms and inflection of speech.
 * Whenever, author meets his aphasia patients, he sings them "Happy Birthday" to them, and all of their patients are capable of join in and sing the tunes, and half of them even get those words write.
 * Question: "can language embedded in unconscious automatism be `released' for conscious, propositional use?" Answer is yes, and author shows various study cases on this.
 * Most effective: melodic intonation therapy, and some of these patients, at six weeks through this intense therapy, and he was capable of carrying on short, meaningful conversations. explains through three different studies performed on 1970s, 1990s, and recent work. *Most of these studies are done through imaging techniques looking at which brains parts are activated under certain circumstances. He talks about possible candidate of Broca's area, `right Broca's area(fake)', fronto-temporal network in right hemisphere.
 * lastly cortical plasticity to explain how music therapy works for patients with verbal dysfunctions.

Cognitive

 * Dementia can be caused by multiple reasons: strokes, cerebral hypoxia, toxic or metabolic abnormalities, brain injuries or infections, frontotemporal degeneration, and most commonly Alzheimer's disease.
 * Character, courtesy, thoughfulness, manner, and love for music can possibly be lasting even after Dementia.
 * Some patients(some of them are musician), they retain their musical powers and tastes even when most other mental powers have been severly damaged.
 * Carryover effect is more significant compared to that of movement disorders like Parkinson's Disease. Improvement of mood, behavior, and cogntive function

Sensory

 * I do not have detailed information on this part.
 * Mobile Music Touch is great example that deals with haptic sensory system.
 * What about other sensory systems?

Mobile Music Touch

 * I interviewed Dr.Thad Starner in Computer Science Department of Georgia Tech. I am going to briefly explain how this device works, and, potentially, its picture.
 * Main focus would be on its therapeutic potential. Talk about their joint study with Sheperd Spinal Cord Center for Partial Tetraplegia patents.
 * What really happening on brain? Relate this to Mirror Neuron Effect and Neural Recruitment on both motor cortex and sensory cortex
 * Significance of Passive Learning


 * Dr. Thad Starner. School of Computer Science, Georgia Tech.
 * Mobile Music Touch: Using Haptic Stimulation for Passive Rehabilitation and Learning
 * a wireless glove paired with a computer device, such as laptop or mp3 player. As this mobile music touch system plays a song, five vibrators on glove are tapping the fingers using vibration motors to indicate each key on the piano keyboard.
 * Usually, learning requires active attention, but professor Starner came up with this concept called Passive Haptic Learning. Haptic includes both tactile sense and proprioception, and this passive learning is, potentially, applicable for all other somatosensory senses.
 * Subject wearing this device, he/she can around do his daily activities, and your music encoded in your muscle memory.
 * This mobile music touch has clinical application, Dr.Starner works with shepherd spinal cord center to patients with partial tetraplegia. All four limbs are partially paralyzed, mostly from spinal cord injury. In one study, patients were wearing this glove 2 hours a day, five days a week, for eight weeks.
 * There was significant improvement on somatosensory sensation on their hand, and there was clear improvement on ‘grasp and release’ test which proves improvement on motor system.
 * great example for therapeutic approach on both sensory and motor dysfunctions.

Audio-Motor Coupling in Music-Supported Therapy

 * The involvement of audio-motor coupling in the music-supported therapy applied to stroke patients
 * Music-supported therapy has been developed recently to improve the upper extremity function of stroke patients. Instruments, electronic piano and electronic drum are used to train fine and gross movement of upper extremity. Studies are conducted on chronic and acute stroke patients.
 * These patients receive Music-supported therapy of one-month intensive intervention program, which thirty minutes a day for one month.(I don’t know the exact manner of how they getting trained, but they are learning or getting trained to play piano, for fine movement, and drum, gross movement.)
 * This therapy is based on brain plasticity, the capacity of brain to induce plastic changes and repair in damaged brain of adults. After brain damage, new neuronal connections and pathways can be built, reshaped, and rewired. There are studies showing that music training produces rapid changes in motor-related brain areas and these changes from training can be long-lasting.
 * After the one-month intensive intervention program, their motor improvements are tested through standardized ARAT(Action Research Arm Test)
 * Compared to those patients were trained with conventional therapy, using purely motor movement therapy, (don’t know exact method of therapy), there is clear improvement when Music-supported therapy is used, and this applies for both chronic and acute patients.
 * A. fMRI activation in the music listening task(trained music)
 * B. Location of lesions(thalamus, thalamus, pon)
 * C. Individual Function Connectivity(auditory-motor network reconstructed for each patient)

One more succesful example
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Factors Contributing to the effects of music therapy
There are six different modulating factors contributes to effect of music therapies. They are attention modulation, emotional modulation, cognition modulation, behavioral modulation, communication modulation, perception modulation, and social cognition modulation. For attention modulation, Music automatically captures attention, when patients hear different music and it can possibly cure tinnitus or ADD. For emotional modulation, music activates limbic and para limbic parts of brain, the structures that are heavily related to emotion, and depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are disease related to this modulation. Cognition modulation and behavioral modulation closely work together, and these modulations are related to memory processing disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Some cognitive processes are mediated by action pattern. Communication modulation is related to skills of non-verbal communication, which is nature of music, and this can be related to autism and some conduct disorders. For perception modulation, music is related to basic perceptual processes during language comprehension. Language impairment comes with impairments in both productive and perceptual aspect of language, and curing of one part can be relayed onto curing of the other part.

'''There are six different factors contributing/modulating the effects of music therapies. Out of those three factors, I'm going to further expain first three factors in depth'''

Emotional Modulation

 * For emotional modulation, music activates limbic and para limbic parts of brain, the structures that are heavily related to emotion, and depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are disease related to this modulation.

Cognition Modulation

 * Cognition modulation and behavioral modulation closely work together, and these modulations are related to memory processing disorders such as Alzheimer. Some cognitive processes are mediated by action pattern.

Perception Modulation

 * Perception-Action Mediation / Mirror Neurons
 * For perception modulation, music is related to basic perceptual processes during language comprehension. Language impairment comes with impairments in both productive and perceptual aspect of language, and curing of one part can be relayed onto curing of the other part.

Communcation Modulation

 * Communication modulation is related to skills of non-verbal communication, which is nature of music, and this can be related to autism and some conduct disorders.