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Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2008). Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women's experiences with sexual-and self-objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(5), 745-776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007301669

This article focuses on the sexual and self-objectification of lesbian and heterosexual women. This article describes the theory that society and social norms socializes girls to be sexual. This article speaks about how the male gaze plays an important role in women's self-objectification. It mentions how young girls are expected to fix their appearance, self and personality to please the male’s perspective of what a woman “should” be.

Zimmerman, A., & Dahlberg, J. (2008). The sexual objectification of women in advertising: A contemporary cultural perspective. Journal of advertising research, 48(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0021849908080094

Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go?. Sex roles, 64(3-4), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5

Bello, D. C., Pitts, R. E., & Etzel, M. J. (1983). The communication effects of controversial sexual content in television programs and commercials. Journal of Advertising, 12(3), 32-42.

Sexual objectification has been around and present in society for many but has increased with the introduction of social media according to “Objectification, Sexualization, and Misrepresentation: Social Media and the College Experience - Stefanie E Davis, 2018” This journal shows a clear explanation for how young girls are influenced by social media to be sexualiy objectified. The platform is meant to share a glimpse into a person’s life through photos to share with friends, family and mutuals. For many individuals, social media applications like Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter are used to glamorize and romanticize certain lifestyles. Examples of this can be young women using their platform (however big it may be) to pose as an older age by uploading provocative photos. This behavior promotes sexual objectification of young girls that participate on social media.

Schwartz, J. P., Grammas, D. L., Sutherland, R. J., Siffert, K. J., & Bush-King, I. (2010). Masculine gender roles and differentiation: Predictors of body image and self-objectification in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(3), 208. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018255

Sexual Objectification for Men

Historically gender role studies and studies on sexual objectification mainly focus on women despite sexual objectification affecting all genders. Sexual objectification affects males in the same way that it does everyone else. In the article "Masculine gender roles and differentiation: Predictors of body image and self-objectification in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity", it is expressed that sexual objectification has an effect on males self-esteem, self-image, anxiety and can cause depression. The article states that sexual objectification can be seen everywhere and for men it can be seen in clothing campaigns, the media and as a marketing tactic to attract more customers.