User:Yumeng Shao/sandbox

International Students
As the development of the educational system around the world, more and more students have the opportunity to study aboard. There is no doubt that students gain more useful knowledge and experiences during the progress when they study in foreign countries. However, people cannot deny there are also lots of dangerous for students, and campus sexual assaults is one of the most crucial topics in every country.

Gap Between Cultures and the Impact of Sexual Assaults
It is hard for international students to identify what is the sexual assaults, because the definition of the sexual assaults can be different between different countries and cultures. Some of college students not even know what behaviors actually constitute sexual harassment if they have not been trained on this form of victimization. Based on the sufficient surveys and data, people’s definitions to the sexual harassment various because their standards various. For example, Pryor et al. (1997) reported that college student definitions of sexual harassment in Germany, Australia, Brazil, and North America vary. They found that the most frequent definitional response for North Americans, Australians, and Germans includes unwanted verbal or physical sexual overtures. The most common response for Brazilian college students was “to seduce someone, to be more intimate (sexually), to procure a romance” (524). In addition, they found that Australians, Germans, and North Americans defined sexual harassment as an abuse of power, gender discrimination, and harmful sexual behavior. Brazilians defined sexual harassment as innocuous seductive behaviors.In this case, the certain student groups which have lower standards to the sexual assaults are easier to be assaulted. The impact of sexual harassment on college students cannot be ignored. When a student are assaulted, he or she even do not know how to speak out, or how to seek for help, because they cannot confirm whether the level that they are assaulted can be rank to law case. Based on the related reports, female students lost their morale, become dissatisfaction with their career goals, get lower scores etc.

When the whole society focus on the person who was assaulted, people often overlooked the entire college environment and other students who were not even involved. But if people do not fix this type of problem, the campus culture would be worse and worse, then more and more students would be negatively impacted. Internationally, most countries do not have the term sexual harassment or laws protecting students from sexual harassment, contributing to individuals remaining silent about their experiences and hence not filing complaints with their universities (or workplaces). As the results, plenty of international students cannot receive appropriate solutions and treatment through the legislation after they are assaulted through the legislation. For students, There are career‐related, psychological, and physiological outcomes of being sexually harassed. For example, women students have reported decreased morale, decreased satisfaction with their career goals, and lowered grades. Furthermore, women students have reported feelings of helplessness and powerlessness over their academic career, strong fear reactions, and decreased motivation. Women college students have also reported headaches, sleep disturbances, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders as common physical responses to sexual harassment.

Education of Sexual Assaults
Under the circumstance of highly rate of campus sexual assaults, campus administrators should play a significant role which can protect students. Although institutions provides lots of resources and support, they miss a vulnerable student group---international students.

Students from different countries have varying levels of sexual education. In this case, the lack of understanding to the domestic definitions to the sexual assaults and the legislations leads victimizations to international students. Furthermore, because of the deficiency of correct cognitive to the sexual assault, a finding of misconduct can cause being dismissed from the college or even influence student’s visa status.

A large number of campuses provide the orientation programs to international students in few days after they arrive to campus firstly. During the orientation, administrators represent the school laws and the solutions for different dangerous that students might have to face. However, it’s not enough to simply hand international students a pamphlet or give them a 15-minute safe sex lecture. In talking about sex with international students, not only will institutional administrators be talking about topics the student has potentially never discussed, but there are also language and cultural barriers to overcome. A student might not know the proper English term for a vagina or penis, or that slang like “Netflix and chill” is a euphemism for sex. Some students come from cultures where there may not even be a direct translation for the words 'consent' or 'sexual assault'. Rape has widely varying definitions around the world, and harassment is poorly understood in countries where it still isn’t a crime.

A completely system is the precondition for a campus to provide all of the students, including vulnerable populations like international students. Lots of campus have started establish special positions or departments for preventing and solving sexual assaults. However, without a training of the nuances of international student experiences, the officials would overlook crucial elements in discussing sexual education with this distinct population. Thus, a completely system is formed by a synthesis of various departments, including the international students office, the violence prevention office, campus police and the mental health and counseling center.

Study-aboard Program
Since students are pursuing higher level’s education, more and more collages provide the study-aboard programs. But behind the opportunity of higher education, the dangerous can be ignored by students.

Under the circumstance that approximately one in four to five female students is victimized sexually by the end of their university years, the society has pay attention to the violent questions called campus sexual assaults. However, almost all research on sexual assault among undergraduate university students pertains to incidents that occur on domestic college and university campuses. While people focus on the risk factors and consequences, they overlook the place---where assaults take place. Study-aboard program is a context that lack sufficient attentions. According to the Institute of International Education (2011), more than 270,000 U.S. college students were engaged in some type of study-abroad program in 2009-2010, and these numbers have increased steadily since 2007-2008. Almost half of the students on the campus where the present study was conducted study abroad, most in either 3-week or semester-long programs.

Based on the survey, the overall prevalence rate for women reporting experiences of any type of sexual assault victimization (non-consensual sexual touching, attempted oral, vaginal, or anal rape, and completed oral, vaginal, or anal rape) during their study-abroad program was 18.8%. These 39 respondents reported a total of 98 incidents of sexual assault. Thirty-five respondents (16.8% of the sample) reported one or more incidents of non-consensual sexual touching. Fourteen respondents (6.7% of the sample) reported one or more incidents of attempted rape (collapsed across anal, oral, and vaginal types). Eight respondents (3.8% of the sample) reported one or more incidents of completed rape (collapsed across anal, oral, and vaginal types). The prevalence rate of attempted or completed rape collapsed across all six categories (attempted or completed anal, oral, or vaginal types) was 8.7% (Sage Journals). According to the data, the severity of the sexual assaults to the international students were actually exceed general anticipation. However, seldom does any school or any organization offer any method to prevent or terminate these kind of crime.

The prevalence rate for completed sexual assaults is even higher than the rape rate in domestic studies. Study-aboard program provide students all over the world an excellent opportunity to improve their study range and expand their horizon. But the potential dangerous can also be ignored easily.