User:Zacherystaylor/notepad

This is a scrapbook for my own purposes but there are no secrets here.

Colossal Stones
This is a list of ancient sites that moved megalithic stones. A megalith is a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. In most if not all cases they moved at least one colossal stone over ten tons usualy much more than one megalith or megaliths much bigger than ten tons. There are also a list of documented efforts to move colossal stones that were documented in recent times that used technology that wasn't much if any more advanced than the technology the ancient civilizations used. In most cases the ancient civilizations had little if any advanced technology to move these megaliths. The most notable exception is the ancient Greeks and Romans who had Cranes and treadwheels to help lift colossal stones. Most of these weights are based on estimates by published scholars however there have been a lot of false estimate of many of these stones presented as facts. To help recognize exagerations there is also a brief discription of how to calculate the weight of colossal stones by calculating volume and density.


 * The Thunder stone base for The Bronze Horseman in Saint Petersburg, Russia alledgedly weighs 1,500 tons was transported 4 miles in 1770.
 * Ramesseum Thebes Egypt Colossal statue of Ramses 1,000 tons was transported 170 miles from Aswan to Thebes.
 * Baalbek, Lebanon 3 trilithon stones 750 tons each, about 24 blocks 300 tons each
 * Colossi of Memnon 700 tons each were transported 420 miles from el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) over land without using the Nile to Thebes, Egypt.
 * Herod's Temple Jerusalem, Israel 550 to 600 tons for largest block
 * Axum, Ethiopia biggest Stelae: 520 tons, 170 tons and 160 tons The stelae were moved about 2.6 miles.
 * Obelisks biggest ones 455 tons, 2- 330 tons, 2- 227 tons, about 12 more between 90 and 200 tons These were moved several times to locations around Europe as well as one in New York. Some of them were moved in the 19th century using cranes
 * Khafre's Pyramid temple complex in Giza, Egypt 400 ton stone at mortuary temple and huge blocks some weighing over 100 tonnes at the Valley Temple
 * Alexandria, Egypt Pompey's Pillar almost 400 tons
 * Gomateshwara is a monolithic statue standing at 60 feet (18 m) tall over 30 feet (9 m) wide above a hill in a place called Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state, India. rough estimate 400-600 tons found on top of hill and erected not moved far
 * Asuka, Nara, Japan Masuda no iwafune is a large stone structure approximately 11 meters in length, 8 meters in width, and 4.7 meters In height. rough estimate 300-500 tons distance moved if any unknown
 * Broken Menhir of Er Grah Brittany, France 300 tons when intact it was moved intact 7.5 miles.
 * Menkaure's Pyramid temple complex at Giza, Egypt largest stones in mortuary temple 220 tons
 * Sahure's pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt largest stones over king's chamber about 200 tons
 * Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites in Korea rough estimate of largest stone 200 tons
 * Colossal statue of Tlaloc in Coatlinchan made of Basalt weighing 168 tons
 * Cueva de Menga dolmen made of megaliths weighing upto 180 tonnes
 * The Kerloas menhir Brittany, France largest 150 tons
 * Dol-de-Bretagne, france menhir almost 150 tons
 * Pyramid of Khendjer at Saqqara, Egypt 150 ton one piece quartzite burial chamber
 * Tiwanaku, Bolivia several ashlars 100 to 130 tons were transported 6 miles.
 * Sacsayhuamán wall near Cusco, Peru largest stones over 125 tons
 * Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, Greece largest lintel stone 120 tons
 * The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawara, Egypt 110 ton one piece quartzite burial chamber
 * Luxor, Egypt obelisk 227 tons largest colossal statue of Ramses well over 100 tons
 * Ollantaytambo, Peru perhaps 6 stones well over 100 tons
 * Brownshill Dolmen weighing an estimated 100 metric tons
 * Baths of Caracalla Rome, Italy granite columns close to 100 tons
 * Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey columns close to if not more than 100 tons
 * Fortress of Mycenae, Greece largest stones close to 100 tons
 * Moai at Easter Island largest Moai 70 to 86 tons the tallest one, Paro was moved 3.75 miles
 * Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt largest slabs on burial chamber 80 tons The granite was tranported 580 miles from Aswan by barge on the Nile river.
 * Karnak, Egypt obelisk 328 tons largest architraves 70 tons sandstone transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles.
 * Ishibutai Kofun in Asuka, Nara, Japan largest stone 75 tons
 * Quirigua, Guatemala largest stele 65 tons
 * Osireion Abydos, Egypt columns and lintels about 60 tons
 * Pantheon, Rome, Italy granite columns 39 feet (11.8 m) tall, five feet (1.5 m) in diameter, and 60 tons in weight were transported from Egypt by barge.
 * Olmec heads Mexico gulf coast largest Olmec head almost 50 tons transported 37 to 62 miles.
 * Ħaġar Qim Malta largest stone weighs 57 tonnes and measures aproximately 19 feet long by 9 feet tall by 2 feet thick additional megalithic Malta temples include Ġgantija, Mnajdra, Ta' Ħaġrat Temples, Skorba Temples and the Tarxien Temples
 * Ashoka Pillar's weighing upto about 50 tons were transported throughout India to mark territory ruled by Ashoka.
 * Machu Picchu, Peru largest stones 20 to 50 tons
 * Göbekli Tepe, Turkey megaliths from 10 to 50 tons transported upto a 1/4 mile
 * Avebury stone circle, England largest stone over 40 tons
 * Stonehenge, England largest stones over 40 tons were moved 18 miles smaller bluestones upto 5 tons were moved 130 miles
 * Rudston Monolith in England 40 tons
 * Trajan's column Rome, Italy 40 ton drums, the capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons
 * Rameses IV reopened the stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat and had stones dragged 60 miles across land to the Nile and barged to Temples and his tomb in Thebes. Some of these weighed over 40 tons.
 * Dur-Sharrukin, Iraq largest colossal Bull 40 tons
 * Nineveh, Iraq largest colossal Bulls 30 tons each were transported 30 miles (48 km) from quarries at Balatai and they had to be lifted up 65 feet (20 m) once they arrived at the site
 * Nimrud, Iraq largest colossal Bull 30 tons
 * Maeshowe Orkney Islands, Scotland largest falgstone 30 tons
 * Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens) Greece
 * Caesarea Maritima, Israel Harbor of Caesarea largest stone 20 tons
 * Persepolis, Iran
 * Teotihuacan, Mexico 22 ton water deity on top of the Pyramid of the Moon
 * Aztec calendar stone at Tenochtitlan, Mexico weighs 24 tons
 * Hattusas, Turkey largest stones 20 tons
 * Nemrud Dagi, Turkey
 * Palenque, Mexico The largest stones weigh 12 to 15 tons.
 * The The Parthenon in Athens, Greece largest stones 10 tons
 * Dolmen
 * Dolmens of Russia
 * Carnac stones
 * Khajuraho, India
 * Konark Sun Temple in India
 * Vijayanagara, India
 * Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom and other Angkor temples, Cambodia five million tons of sandstone were transported 25 miles through the jungle along the river just for Angkor Wat
 * Didyma, Turkey
 * Plain of Jars over 400 megalithic jars weighing from 5 to 15 tons ranging from the Khorat Plateau in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to North Cachar Hills of northern India.
 * Stone spheres of Costa Rica largest sphere weighs 16 tons
 * Newgrange
 * Callanish Stones
 * San Agustín, Huila Columbia


 * Nyuserre Ini
 * Senusret III
 * Mazghuna
 * Pyramid of Ameny Qemau
 * Nubian pyramids

list of efforts to move stones

 * Josh Bernstein and Julian Richards organized an effort to pull a 2 ton stone on wooden tracks with a group of about 16 men. Approximately 8 men pulled each ton.
 * Thor Heyerdahl organized an effort to pull a 10 ton Moai on a sledge with a group of 180 men. Approximately 18 men pulled each ton.
 * Mark Lehner and NOVA organized an experiment to tow stones and to build a pyramid 9 meters wide by 9 meters deep by 6 meters high. They were able to tow a 2 ton block on a sledge across wood tracks with 12 to 20 men. Approximately 6 to 10 men pulled each ton. The pyramid was 54 cubic meters total estimated weight 135 tons. It was built out of 186 stones. The average weight of each stone was almost 1,500 lbs. (.75 tons) They found that 4 or 5 men could use levers to flip stones less than a ton and roll them to transport them. 44 men took 22 days to complete the pyramid including the carving of the stones. They used iron to carve the stones that wasn't available to the ancient Egyptians. Egyptians had to use copper. They also used a modern front end loader to accelerate the work on the lower courses. They were unable to use the front end loader to install the capstone since it was to high and had to use levers to raise it to 20 feet.
 * Henri Chevier organized an effort to pull a 6 ton block on a sledge with a group of 6 men. Approximately 1 man pulled each ton. other reports claim that Chevier's experiment required 3 men to pull each ton.
 * Giovanni Battista Belzoni organized an effort to pull a 7.5 ton fragment of a statue of Ramses on rollers with a group of 130 men in 1815. This statue was towed to the river and loaded on a barge where it was sent to London.  Progress increased with practice as they went along. Approximately 17 or 18 men pulled each ton.
 * Henry Layard organized an effort to transport 2 10 ton colossal Statues of a winged Lion and a winged Bull with a group of 300 men in 1847. He loaded them on a wheeled cart and towed them from Nimrud to the river and loaded on a barge where it was sent to London. Approximately 30 men pulled each ton.
 * Paul Emile Botta and Victor Place attempted to move 2 additional 30 ton colossi to Paris from Khorsabad in 1853. In order to facilitate their shipment to Paris they were sawed in pieces and they still ran into problems. One of them fell into the river into the Tigris never to be retrieved. The other made it to Paris.
 * In a 2001 exercise in experimental archaeology, an attempt was made to transport a large stone along a land and sea route from Wales to Stonehenge. Volunteers pulled it for some miles (with great difficulty) on a wooden sledge over land, using modern roads and low-friction netting to assist sliding, but once transferred to a replica prehistoric boat, the stone sank in Milford Haven, before it even reached the rough seas of the Bristol Channel.
 * Charles Love experimented with a 10-ton replica of a Moai on Easter Island. His first experiment found rocking the statue to walk it was too unstable over more than a few hundred yards. He then found that placing the statue upright on two sled runners atop log rollers, 25 men were able to move the statue 150 ft in two minutes. Approximately 2.5 men pulled each ton.


 * Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
 * Theories about Stonehenge
 * Moai

Calculating the weight of megaliths
In the cases of the smaller megaliths it may be possible to weigh them. Some of the Olmec heads have been moved and may have been weighed by truck scales. However in most cases the megaliths were to large or they may have been part of an ancient structure so this method couldn't be used. If you know the volume of a stone and the density you can calculate the weight by multiplying them. The density of most stones is between two and three tons per cubic meter. The average weight of granite is about three tons per cubic meter, limestone 2.5 tons per cubic meter, sandstone or marble 2.7tons per cubic meter. Some softer stones may be lighter than 2 tons per cubic meter like volcanic tuff or basalt which weighs about 1.9 tons per cubic meter. Since the density of most of these stones flucuates it is neccissary to know the source for the stone and volume to obtain accurate estimates. In some cases these measurements are close enough to recognize obviously flawed estimates though for example in Fingerprints of the Gods page 58-60 Graham Hancock mentions a monolith around 12 feet long (3.6 meters) by 5 feet wide (1.5 meters) by 5 feet thick (1.5 meters) that could not have "weighed less less than 200 tons". This momolith would be about 8.1 cubic meters. A more acurate estimate would be less than 25 tons based on these measurements. This is just one of many exaggerated examples that have been provided by some published sources. In the cases of the smaller megaliths it may be possible to weigh them. However in most cases the megaliths were too large or they may have been part of an ancient structure so this method couldn't be used. If you know the volume of a stone and the density you can calculate the weight by multiplying them. The density of most stones is between two and three tons per cubic meter. The average weight of granite is about 2.75 metric tons per cubic meter, limestone 2.3 metric tons per cubic meter, sandstone or marble 2.5tons per metric cubic meter . Some softer stones may be lighter than 2 tons per cubic meter like volcanic tuff or basalt which weighs about 1.9 tons per cubic meter. Since the density of most of these stones flucuates it is neccissary to know the source for the stone and volume to obtain accurate estimates. In some cases these measurements are close enough to recognize obviously flawed estimates though for example in Fingerprints of the Gods page 58-60 Graham Hancock mentions a monolith around 12 feet long (3.6 meters) by 5 feet wide (1.5 meters) by 5 feet thick (1.5 meters) that could not have "weighed less less than 200 tons". This monolith would be about 8.1 cubic meters. A more acurate estimate would be less than 23 metric tons based on these measurements. This is just one of many exaggerated examples that have been provided by some published sources.


 * Template:Convert/list of units
 * Template:Convert
 * low density limestone ranges from 110 through 135 lb/ft3 (1760 through 2160 Kg/M3) or 1.75 through 2.15 metric tons per cubic meter
 * medium density limestone ranges from 135 but not greater than 160 lb/ft3 (2160 through 2560 Kg/M3) or 2.15 through 2.55 metric tons per cubic meter
 * high density limestone over 160 lb/ft3 (2560 Kg/M3) or 2.55 metric tons per cubic meter
 * Grammer school density calculation
 * The average density of granite is 2.75 g/cm or 2.75 metric tons per cubic meter 3 and its viscosity at standard temperature and pressure is ~4.5 • 1019 Pa·s
 * A geologist determined the density of a sample of quartzite to have a density of 2.65 grams/cubic cm or 2.65 metric tons per cubic meter, and determined the sample of sandstone to have a density of 2.45 grams/cubic cm. or 2.45 metric tons per cubic meter ?
 * Quartzite Density 2.3 to 2.4 Kg/cm3 or 2.3 to 2.4 metric tons per cubic meter
 * marble Density 2.55 to 2.7 Kg/cm3 or 2.55 to 2.7 metric tons per cubic meter
 * sandstone Density 2.3 to 2.4 Kg/cm3 or 2.3 to 2.4 metric tons per cubic meter
 * granite Density 2.6 to 2.8 Kg/cm3 or 2.6 to 2.8 metric tons per cubic meter
 * limestone Density 2.5 to 2.7 Kg/cm3 or 2.5 to 2.7 metric tons per cubic meter
 * 2.65g/cm3, sandstone with with 10% porosity 2.49g/cm3, limestone with no porosity 2.71g/cm3, limestone with with 10% porosity 2.54g/cm3, dolomite with no porosity 2.87g/cm3, dolomite with with 10% porosity 2.68g/cm3, anhydrite with no porosity 2.96g/cm3, halite with no porosity 2.16g/cm3.
 * limestone (2.6 g/cm3 or less), quartzite (2.7 g/cm3), and granite (2.7-2.8 g/cm3) are all common low-density rocks
 * Basalt density 2.8-2.9 g/cm3 or 2.8 to 2.9 metric tons per cubic meter
 * bentonite/basalt samples over a density range of 1.45 to 2.03 g/cm or 1.45 to 2.03 metric tons per cubic meter
 * 1 m3
 * 1 m3
 * 1 MT
 * 1 MT
 * 1 MT
 * 1 MT
 * 1 MT
 * 1 MT
 * 1 ST

Media outlets

 * User:Zacherystaylor/Alternative Media


 * ADAPT disability rights activists
 * Adbusters
 * Adbusters at "Network for Good Fund Raising"
 * Al Jazeera
 * Alternet.org
 * anarchist writers
 * Black Agenda Report
 * Boiling Frogs Sibel Edmond
 * Canada Free Press
 * The Citizens Commission on Human Rights
 * The Coming Crisis
 * Common Dreams: top twenty five progressive news
 * Corrent Wire
 * crooks and liars
 * Current TV
 * Deseret news
 * electzu
 * Global Post
 * The Good Left Hook
 * Green Stream
 * Humanist Workers for Revolutionary Socialism
 * Independent Living USA news on people with disabilities
 * www.infowars.com infowars.com is fringe, does not meet our sourcing guidelines and should not be used/ Info Wars]
 * Jody May-Chang independent journalist
 * Media Resource Center
 * Mediaite
 * Media Matters
 * New Democracy World
 * News busters Media Research Center
 * News Corpse
 * News Hounds (Fox Watchers)
 * Occupy Wall Street
 * Occupy Wall Street additional media outlets
 * People's World
 * Perma-culture environmentalism, blog and forums
 * www.prisonplanet.com prisonplanet.com is fringe, does not meet our sourcing guidelines and should not be used/ Prison Planet]
 * The Pulpit Freedom Blogging and Colorado news
 * Resist funding social change
 * Right Wing Watch
 * Jill Stein
 * Talking Points Memo
 * Tech Dirt
 * The Twin Cities Daily Planet Minnesota local
 * Uprising Radio
 * What Really Happened
 * Whistle Blower Support Fund
 * Workers World
 * world socialist web site

Issue or other sites

 * Reclaim Democracy
 * Free Press
 * Mormon Sexual Child Abuse Blogspot

Other Lists

 * List of statues by height
 * List of statues
 * List of tallest statues in the United States
 * List of Roman domes
 * List of world's largest domes
 * New Seven Wonders of the World
 * List of archaeological sites sorted by country
 * List Of Colossal Sculpture In Situ
 * List of megalithic sites
 * List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico


 * fringe notice board history


 * fringe noticeboard archive


 * San Agustín, Huila
 * Megalithic Temples of Malta
 * Carnac
 * Copán
 * Obelisks
 * Asuka, Nara
 * Broken Menhir of Er Grah
 * Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites *Cueva de Menga
 * The Kerloas menhir
 * Dol-de-Bretagne
 * Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, Greece largest lintel stone 120 tons
 * Luxor
 * Ollantaytambo
 * Brownshill Dolmen
 * Hagia Sophia
 * Easter Island
 * Ishibutai Kofun
 * Quirigua
 * Osireion
 * Olmec
 * Ħaġar Qim Ġgantija, Mnajdra, Ta' Ħaġrat Temples, Skorba Temples Tarxien Temples
 * Machu Picchu
 * Göbekli Tepe
 * Avebury stone circle
 * Stonehenge
 * Rudston Monolith
 * Trajan's column
 * Rameses IV
 * Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)
 * Caesarea Maritima, Israel Harbor of Caesarea largest stone 20 tons
 * Persepolis
 * Teotihuacan
 * Aztec calendar stone
 * Tenochtitlan
 * Hattusas
 * Nemrud Dagi
 * Palenque
 * Dolmen
 * Dolmens of Russia
 * Carnac stones
 * Konark Sun Temple
 * Vijayanagara
 * Didyma
 * Plain of Jars
 * Stone spheres of Costa Rica
 * Newgrange
 * Callanish Stones
 * San Agustín, Huila Columbia


 * Nyuserre Ini
 * Senusret III
 * Mazghuna
 * Pyramid of Ameny Qemau
 * Nubian pyramids

list of ancient sculpture
Bolivia


 * Tiwanaku

Cambodia


 * Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom

China


 * Terracotta Army near Xian

Columbia


 * San Agustín, Huila

Easter Island


 * Moai at Easter Island

Egypt


 * Colossi of Memnon
 * Edfu
 * Karnak
 * Luxor
 * Obelisks
 * Philae
 * Ramesseum

Greece


 * The Parthenon in Athens

Honduras


 * Copán

India


 * Gomateshwara
 * Konark Sun Temple
 * Sanchi

Indonesia


 * Borobudur

Iran


 * Persepolis

Iraq


 * Dur-Sharrukin
 * Nimrud
 * Nineveh

Italy


 * Pantheon, Rome
 * Trajan's column Rome

Mexico


 * Chichen Itza
 * Colossal statue of Tlaloc in Coatlinchan
 * Olmec heads
 * Palenque
 * Tula

Turkey


 * Göbekli Tepe
 * Nemrud Dagi

Colossal heads
The most recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous helmeted heads. As no known pre-Columbian text explains them, these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation. Once theorized to be ballplayers, it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers. Infused with individuality, no two heads are alike and the helmet-like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements, suggesting to some personal or group symbols.

There have been 17 colossal heads unearthed to date.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"

! Site ! Count ! Designations
 * style="width:110px" | San Lorenzo
 * style="width:40px" align="center" |10
 * style="width:200px" |Colossal Heads 1 through 10
 * La Venta
 * align="center" |4
 * Monuments 1 through 4
 * Tres Zapotes
 * align="center" |2
 * Monuments A & Q
 * Rancho la Cobata
 * align="center" |1
 * Monument 1
 * }
 * Rancho la Cobata
 * align="center" |1
 * Monument 1
 * }

The heads range in size from the Rancho La Cobata head, at 3.4 m high, to the pair at Tres Zapotes, at 1.47 m. It has been calculated that the largest heads weigh between 25 and 55 ST..

The heads were carved from single blocks or boulders of volcanic basalt, found in the Tuxtlas Mountains upto 80 miles away from there final location. The Tres Zapotes heads, for example, were sculpted from basalt found at the summit of Cerro el Vigía, at the western end of the Tuxtlas. The San Lorenzo and La Venta heads, on the other hand, were likely carved from the basalt of Cerro Cintepec, on the southeastern side, perhaps at the nearby Llano del Jicaro workshop, and dragged or floated to their final destination dozens of miles away. It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months.

In 1999 a british team led by Bob Loew conducted experiments to attempt to see how they moved these colossal heads and other megalithic sculptures including Olmec alters. They only allowed themselves 10 days for this experiment due to a screening deadline. They built a sledge out of mahogany and loaded a 12 ton stone on it and attempted to tow it on wooden tracks this effort failed due to multiple problems including a broken sledge and lack of time. They also conducted another experiment to find out if they could tow these on a barge down the river. They built a raft out of balsa wood, bamboo and rubber all of which were available to the Olmecs. They attempted to launch this from a lagoon but failed due to the shallow water. They concluded that they would have more sucess if they had more time to experiment and if the launched the raft from Campeche Bay. Hunter Ellis also conducted an experiment for the final season of Digging for the Truth with greater success this involved using a smaller stone. There were also other more successful megalith moving experiments conducted at other megalithic locations listed here. Some of these experiments failed the first time and after learning from their mistakes led to more successful attempts.

Some of the heads, and many other monuments, have been variously mutilated, buried and disinterred, reset in new locations and/or reburied. It is known that some monuments, and at least two heads, were recycled or recarved, but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations. It is also suspected that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor.

The flat-faced, thick-lipped characteristics of the heads have caused some debate due to their apparent resemblance to African facial characteristics. Based on this comparison, some have insisted that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World. However, claims of pre-Columbian contacts with Africa are rejected by the vast majority of archeologists and other Mesoamerican scholars. Explanations for the facial features of the colossal heads include the possibility that the heads were carved in this manner due to the shallow space allowed on the basalt boulders. Others note that in addition to the broad noses and thick lips, the heads have the Asian eye-fold, and that all these characteristics can still be found in modern Mesoamerican Indians. To support this, in the 1940s artist/art historian Miguel Covarrubias published a series of photos of Olmec artworks and of the faces of modern Mexican Indians with very similar facial characteristics. . In addition, the African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be realistic, an asssumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving.

List of Mesoamerican pyramids Haumea

Roger Hopkins
Roger Hopkins is a stone mason and sculptor from Sudbury Massachusetts with a landscape stone masonry business called Naturalistic Gardens. He was consulted to do experiments in Egypt (with Mark Lehrner), Stonehenge and other locations to move megaliths. He participated in a NOVA pyramid building experiment with Mark Lehrner. He also participated in three obelisk erecting experiments and an experiment to create a trilithon at stonehenge. This trilithon was made of 2 megaliths weighing about 40 tons and a lintel weighing about 9 tons.


 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/team/hopkins.html
 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/raising/
 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990325.html
 * http://tfguild.org/projects/obelisk.html
 * http://www.handshouse.org/obelisk.html
 * http://web.vmi.edu/news/ir/nov99/mullen.html
 * Egypt 25 tons over 100 people maybe 20 feet all day


 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990314.html
 * Stonehenge


 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2403stone.html
 * pyramid


 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/1915mpyramid.html