User:Zawed/sandbox

Developed as a subsonic carrier-capable attack jet-aircraft, the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk had been extensively used for over 50 years by a number of nations. New Zealand purchased several Skyhawks, the first of which entered service with the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1970. It went on to serve as the RNZAF's fighter strike wing until 2001, when it was controversially withdrawn from service without being replaced.

Background
The A-4 Skyhawk was developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company in the early 1950s as a subsonic attack jet-fighter for the United States Navy (USN). Entering service with the USN in 1956, the Skyhawk was an immediate success and flew in a number of conflicts around the world, ranging from the Vietnam War to the Falklands War, as well as the First Gulf War. With 2,960 examples of the various versions of the aircraft being built, it was operated by the air forces of several nations, including New Zealand. Its relatively low weight meant that it was able to incorporate new technologies as these were introduced and also carry a heavy payload, which led to a prolonged service life for the type, extending well into the 1990s.

Acquisition
In 1962, when Air Vice-Marshal Ian Morrison became New Zealand's Chief of Air Staff, the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) was in a period of decline, with an aging fleet of aircraft. On taking office, he sought to revigorate and reequip the RNZAF. His initial focus was to remedy the deficiencies in the RNZAF's transport and maritime capabilities, before addressing its air combat capacity. At the time, the RNZAF's strike wing was composed of one squadron equipped with English Electric Canberra bombers, plus another that had a complement of De Havilland Vampires albeit non-operational.

By May 1966, a number of aircraft had been considered as replacements for the RNZAF's strike wing, among them the General Dynamics F-111 bomber, Northrop F-5 Tiger, and the F-4 Phantom, the latter being the preference of both Morrison and the Defence Council. In contrast, for cost reasons the New Zealand government preferred the F-5 Tiger. However, no decision had been made by the time Morrison's term as CAS ended later in the year. His replacement, Air Vice Marshal Cameron Turner, together with Chief of Defence Staff Lieutenant General Leonard Thornton, continued with the efforts to modernise the strike wing. A key argument for this was the importance of being seen by New Zealand's allies, particularly Australia and the United States, as able to contribute in an air combat role.

Cost continued to be an issue, and in late 1967 Turner was asked to reevaluate the Douglas A-4C Skyhawk. This had been among the aircraft considered for the strike wing role in 1966 but it had not been favoured at the time due to its inferior performance relative to the likes of the F-4 Phantom. By 1967, the A-4F Skyhawk was in service and this was much improved from the earlier version, having performed well in the Vietnam War. Approval was given for a team of RNZAF personnel to go to the United States to assess the Skyhawk for its suitability for its intended operational role in New Zealand. The leader of the team, Air Commodore T. Gill, reported that it would be an ideal replacement for the Canberras.

There were two purchase options; the first was for eighteen Skyhawks, twelve being single-seat A-4Fs and six two-seat TA-4Fs for training requirements, while the second was for ten single-seat and four two-seat examples. The RNZAF preferred the first option, with Gill recommending that four of the single-seat A-4Fs be set aside to allow for accidental losses. However, when the proposal was put to the New Zealand Government, it opted to for the second option. Including spares and the necessary supporting equipment, the total cost was NZ$23 million, about NZ$936,00 per aircraft, with a further NZ$1.6 million to be spent upgrading airfield facilities. Approval for the purchase was made on 10 June 1968.

Skyhawk A-4K/TA-4K
In service with the RNZAF, the Skyhawks, based on the A-4F model, were designated as A-4K and TA-4TK respectively. The RNZAF requested some changes be made to its aircraft: a drag chute, a VHF radio and armament pylons suitable for carrying the AIM-9 Sidewinder missle. A notable inclusion was a dorsal hump aft of the cockpit, intended to house additional avionics controllers that was required to operate electronic counter-measures (ECM). The wiring and controller hardware for the ECM were present in the RNZAF aircraft but without the controllers, which were never installed, were inoperable. The onboard electronics provided were relatively unsophisicated, dating back to the earlier A-4C model from the late 1950s. The weaponry included with the purchase, in addition to the Sidewinders, included 20-mm cannons, a range of conventional general purpose bombs and unguided rockets.

Delivery
In June 1969, prior to the delivery of the RNZAF's Skyhawks, one pilot and some ground crew personnel were sent to the United States for training on the type at VA-44 at Cecil Field in Jacksonville, Florida. The pilot, Squadron Leader Ross Donaldson, had qualified on the type by December but then suffered serious injuries in a bird strike while flying as a passenger in a TA-4F. On recovery, although no longer able to fly operationally, he worked to establish a training program for the following RNZAF pilots, who arrived at Jacksonville for training in early January 1970. Some other RNZAF ground crew personnel gained experience with the Skyhawks when sent to Vietnam for six weeks to serve with an A-4 squadron of the United States Marine Corps.

The first A-4K and TA-4K was officially handed over to the RNZAF in a ceremony at Cecil Field on 16 January. With training in the United States completed by April, all fourteen Skyhawks were loaded onto the USS Okinawa, an helicopter carrier, for transport to New Zealand. The ship arrived in Auckland on 17 May and the aircraft unloaded in front of a crowd of protesters. The Skyhawks were subsequently transported to Whenuapai from where they were prepared for their ferry flights to the RNZAF station at Ohakea.

Operational history
Ten of the Skyhawks, one being a single TA-4K, were assigned to No. 75 Squadron, and were officially handed over on 10 June. The remainder, three TA-4Ks plus the last single seater, were assigned to No. 14 Squadron; this was to act as a conversion unit, training pilots in jet fighter aircraft. It only performed this function up until 1975, at which time its Skyhawks were assigned to No. 75 Squadron. In RNZAF service, the single-seat Skyhawks bore tail codes ranging from NZ6201 to NZ6210 while the two-seaters had tail codes NZ6251 to NZ6254.

In 1984, ten more Skyhawks were purchased, these being sourced from Australia as they were surplus to requirements following the RAN's decommissioning of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. These aircraft were of A-4G (eight examples) and TA-4G (two examples) specification and, delivered to New Zealand in July, were upgraded to the RNZAF's A-4K and TA-4K specification. This brought the number of Skyhawks in RNZAF service to twenty-two; two of the original complement had been lost in accidents. The ten Australian Skyhawks, which cost AU$28 million, also came with a significant amount of spare parts which considerably bolstered the RNZAF's stocks. The tail codes applied by the RNZAF to the former RAN Skyhawks followed the numbering of those already in service: the A-4Gs were allocated NZ6211 to NZ6218 while the two TA-4Gs were designated NZ6255 and NZ6256 respectively.

Service with No. 75 Squadron
Equipped with the Skyhawks, No. 75 Squadron became the main component of the RNZAF's Strike Wing. It regularly was detached on training exercises with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the United States Air Force as well as the air forces of many of the major Southeast Asia countries: Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. Some pilots of the squadron were sent on exchanges with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), which also operated Skyhawks.

By mid-1970s, there were increasing tensions over foreign fishing fleets broaching the 12-mile limit of New Zealand waters. In late March 1976, three Skyhawks were deployed to deter the escape of a Taiwanese fishing vessel that had been detected inside the 12-mile limit and had ignored the commands of a navy patrol boat to heave to. Flight Lieutenant Jim Jennings fired the 20-mm cannons of his Skyhawk across the bows of the vessel, bring an immediate halt to its attempt to flee. This was the only occasion on which a Skyhawk used its weapons outside of a training role.

At the time of his deployment to the United States in 1969 to train on Skyhawks, Donaldson was the commander of No. 75 Squadron. During his period in command, he had set up the squadron's acrobatics display team. During 1983, the team performed the first instance of a barrel roll at low level by two aircraft connected to each other via an air refueling hose. Displays were flown at major celebratory events, including in Australia at the RAN's 75th anniversary in 1986, the RNZAF's 50th anniversary in 1987, at the Australian BiCentennial Airshow at Richmond in 1988 and at the opening of 1990 Commonwealth Games in 1990.

In May 2001, the New Zealand government decided to do away with the RNZAF's Strike Wing. By this time, low morale had seen a number of pilots leave the Skyhawk squadron, with only eight now available for thirteen Skyhawks. The squadron was disbanded towards the end of the year, on 13 December.

Service with No. 2 Squadron
Due to the increased number of Skyhawks, another squadron was formed in December 1984 to begin training on the type. This was No. 2 Squadron, which was to receive eight Skyhawks while No. 75 Squadron had the remaining fourteen. No. 2 Squadron became operational in May 1986.

In 1989, the New Zealand government agreed to the stationing of a RNZAF detachment in Australia to help strengthen military relations between the two countries. No. 2 Squadron moved to Australia in 1991 to commence a five-year deployment where it was to operate six Skyhawks in a training role from the Naval Air Station Nowra, in New South Wales. This was advantageous for the RNZAF, as it meant increased opportunties for cooperative training with the Royal Australian Air Force while for the RAN, the Skyhawks could provide the naval support lost when it had rid itself of its own Skyhawk fleet. It would continue to operate as a conversion unit for pilots transferring to No. 75 Squadron.

In 1996, the squadron's initial deployment in Australia was extended by another five years. The squadron was disbanded in on 13 December 2001. Due to the decline in the numbers of trained personnel, earlier in the year only four pilots available for its then complement of five Skyhawks.

Project Kahu
In 1983 the government reviewed the military role of the Skyhawks, and this saw the aircraft take on a maritime strike function. By this time, it was recognised that the Skyhawk's avionic equipment was dated and it was limited in its ability to perform both in the desired maritime strike role as well as ground attack while still being able to be used defensively. In 1984 a major upgrade program, designated 'Project Kahu' was agreed for the Skyhawks (Kahu was the indigenous name of the New Zealand harrier hawk).

This work, costing NZ$148 million, saw the avionic equipment updated, with new radar, a inertial navigation system, and a heads-up display being installed, all to make the Skyhawk more effective in an anti-shipping role. Additionally, the wings were overhauled. The aircraft's weapon carrying ability was improved to allow the use of AGM-65 Maverick missiles, suitable for both ground and sea targets. Although some work was completed by the American company Lear Siegler Inc., some private companies in New Zealand were involved, including Pacific Aerospace in Hamilton, which worked on the wings while Fisher & Paykel did electrical work.

The upgrade work commenced in early 1986 and was completed by June 1991, with the delivery to No. 75 Squadron of the last updated Skyhawk.

Losses
A total of seven Skyhawks were lost during the course of the aircraft's service with the RNZAF. The first loss took place on 18 October 1974; on approach for a landing at Ohakea, the Skyhawk's engine suffered a major failure. The pilot ejected and the aircraft crashed in a farm paddock near the town of Bulls. The second loss, a TA-4K (NZ6253), was on 25 March 1981 during a training exercise. Making a simulated attack at low level, the pilot, flying solo, was crossing the Ruahine ranges when he appeared to have misjudged his height and crashed into a ridge. Although the pilot ejected, he was too low for the parachute to open and he was killed.

On 24 October 1989, two pilots of No. 75 Squadron's display team were practicing when they collided in mid-air; one Skyhawk (NZ6210) crashed into a paddock adjacent the airfield at Ohakea, killing the pilot on impact. The pilot of the other Skyhawk (NZ6211) was able to land safely and the aircraft returned to service after several months. Skyhawk NZ6208 was lost on 23 July 1992 when its engine failed while flying off the coast near Napier. The pilot safely ejected and the aircraft ended up crashing near Herbertville. A mid-air engine failure was again the cause of the loss of another Skyhawk (NZ6203) on 30 June 1996 which, after the pilot ejected, crashed at Marton. While training in Australia on 16 February 2001 for an air display at the Avalon Airshow, the pilot of Skyhawk NZ6211, assigned to No. 2 Squadron, fatally struck the ground while carrying out a barrel roll while plugged in by an air refuelling hose to another Skyhawk.

The last loss of a Skyhawk (NZ6256) was on 20 March 2001 while on a training exercise over the Indian Ocean off Perth. Tasking with the defence of RAN ships from attack aircraft, the aircraft's pilot lost control during a mock dogfight with another Skyhawk. He ejected just before the aircraft crashed into the sea.

Replacement
From 1998, the New Zealand Government had been assessing the potential replacement of the RNZAF's fleet of Skyhawks, now 30 years old. Late that year, it announced that they were to be replaced by 28 F-16 Falcons, leased from the United States for NZ$12.5 million a year for ten years with an option to purchase them at the end of the lease. The F-16s were intended to enter service with the RNZAF by 2001. Preparations to sell the Skyhawks commenced, with the Philippine Air Force a potential purchaser. However, following a change in government in late 1999, the new prime minister, Helen Clark, cancelled the deal. RNZAF staff in the United States preparing to take on the F-16s were recalled and the sale process for the Skyhawks halted.

Morale in the RNZAF immediately slumped and several Skyhawk pilots left the service, either going into the private sector or joining the air forces of other nations. This loss was exacerbated following Clark's decision in May 2001 to disband the RNZAF's Strike Wing.

Disposal
With the disbandment of the Strike Wing, the sales process for the Skyhawks resumed. Most of the 17 surviving aircraft were placed in storage at Woodbourne in late 2001 while four were kept at Ohakea in flying condition for demonstration purposes.

Draken International signed an agreement with the New Zealand government in 2012 to purchase eight A-4K Skyhawks, as well as various other equipment and accessories. Draken flew the Skyhawks as part of their defence contract with the US Armed Forces. The Skyhawks were flown as adversary aircraft against USAF and US Navy aircraft such as the F/A-18 Hornet, F-22 Raptor, and F-35 Lightning II.

Eight examples were received by the Air Force Museum of Museum, which displays one TA-4K and two A-4s at its site at Wigram. The remaining five were loaned to other aviation museums around the country.