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 * 1) Introduction

Women in Iran discusses the history, contribution, aspects, and roles of women in Iran. Women have always played fundamental, crucial, and representative roles in the long history of Iran. Historically the traditional view of the role of a woman was that a woman would be confined to the home where they would would manage a household and raise children. During the Pahlavi era there was a change in traditional attitudes towards the segregation of women, banning the veil, the right to vote, compulsory education, equal salaries for men and women, and the right to hold public office. Women were active participants in the Islamic Revolution, who like their male counterparts felt that the Shah was a puppet of the United States. Women are not equal under Iran's constitution, adopted after the Islamic Revolution in 1979 which mandates legal code adhering to Sharia law. Women under law are treated as half a man; men inherit twice what a woman would, and compensation for the death of a woman is half of a mans. Iranian law still favors men, but women are more educated and have a more visible role in life when compared to other Islamic countries. Laws also restrict the role of women, chador or the hijab is mandatory when in public, and all hair and skin except the face and hand must be covered. In Iran, women not only drive but can hold public office, and attend university.


 * 1) Qajar

During the Qajar period women played the role of reserve labor, which was important in the economy. Their work always benefited the family, businesses owner, and the state. Rural and lower-class women were mostly involved in carpet weaving, embroidery and production of: clothing, textile, butter, fruits, and tea. They also worked in silk and cotton manufacturing as well as other handicrafts. Women were also employed at mortuaries, public bathhouses, and in more affluent houses as maids, wet nurses, and nannies. In more populous cities women worked as entertainers, dancers, or prostitutes. Although many work opportunities were open for women their wages were lower. A women that worked in textiles during this time period earned an average of one-third of what men did. Even though women were given the ability to earn a wage, they still did not have many rights, it was still possible for rural girls to be sold by the head of their family.

This time period, especially between 1905-1911, was the start of women's 'awakening' in Persia. It can be suggested that this awakening can be defined as a women's movement and feminism. Women began to become more involved with the public sphere, Nasir al-Din Shah's harem participated in the 1891 tobacco revolt. However it was not just wealthy women who were involved but also the common women. Washerwomen donated savings, along with wealthy women's jewelry contributions, to help sponsor a national bank. The storming of Majilis (parliament) in 1911 by women showed an unprecedented political awareness of women as well as public action. Generally there were precedents that restricted women's actions, where they were often portrayed as prisoners because of their gender inferiority.

Often there is an orientalist view of Qajar women before the revolution. Badr al-Moluk Bamdad, wife of Ahmad Shah Qajar’s classic work, From Darkness to Light, published two years before the Islamic Revolution (1968-1969) refers to Persian history before the tobacco revolt as "a century of darkness", in which women are "poor creatures" and "powerless dolls" who are secluded from society while being concealed "under thick coverings and dependent like parasites". Bamdad also claimed that women were "prisoners, confined in the home or under the veil and the cloak".

Sima Bahar in an article titled, A Historical Background to the Women's Movement in Iran identified the that the constitutional revolution period was the first occasion women participated with men in public action. She considers that during the Qajar period "women's activities were solely limited to the household; if they were active in productal at all such as in villages, the production was for the household. Women of the upper class lead an even more secluded life...they were only allowed to go out accompanied by men ."


 * 1) Pahlavi additions
 * 2) 1963 Mohammad Reza Shah granted Iranian women the right to vote as well as the right to hold public office
 * 3) Problems with compulsory Veil  

There have been many changes in Iran's society in the last 20 years after the revolution, often referred to as the "generation gap". This gap is overreaching and effects issues such as; lifestyle, familial relationships, politics, and religion. For many of the young women one topic gaining popularity is the issue of the veil. After the 1979 revolution, the Hijab became compulsory as well as modesty requirements; loose fitting clothing as well as a Rusari (headscarf) that covers all the hair. There has also been a rise in baddhi-jab, or girls who wear the legal requirements but not to the letter of the law often having the majority of their hair showing. Many young urban Iranian women claimed that they are becoming less traditional. Many view their clothing style as a personal choice include the choice to veil. Issues and protests against the veil became symbolic as resistance against the Islamic regime. The hijab itself was tied to the idea of the revolution, it was symbol of an Islamic country.

Masih Alinejad in 2015 launched My Stealthy freedom, which encouraged Iranian women to post pictures without their hijab. Since December more than 35 protestors were arrested in just Tehran. The reaction from the government has been severe, police have stated that any women that participates in demonstrations against compulsory hijab could face up to 10 years in prison. The situation become more tense in April after a video was shared showing a women being slapped by a female member of Gast-e-Ersade (morality police) for wearing a loose headscarf. This incident also drew international attention to the subject Iranian women were facing.

Women that were are arrested for demonstrating against compulsory hijab claim that they are held in solitary confinement and subjected to torture and beatings. Protests against compulsory hijab continued with the response becoming larger. In December 2017 and January 2018, several women took off their headscarves off to protest. These women became known as "the Girls of Revolution Street"  One of "the Girls of Revolution Street", Vida Mohaved was arrested for crimes against public morals, encouraging corruption and prosecution, and was sentenced to a year in prison. Punishment is given out to not only those who protest but also those who defend them; Nasrin Sotoudeh, an Iranian human rights lawyer who defended women who were being prosecuted for protesting compulsory hijab, was sentenced to 38 years in prison and 148 lashes. She was tried on the charges of assembly and collusion against national security, propaganda against the state, membership in various human rights groups, encouraging corruption and prostitution, appearing at the judiciary without Islamic hijab, disturbing public peace and order, and publishing falsehoods with the intent to disturb public opinion. Protests have continued to occur where on May 13, 2019 there was a vast peaceful protest of both male and female students on the campus of Tehran University, but they were assaulted by other protestors who were chanting "Students may die, but we will not tolerate indignity "


 * 1) Islamic Republic

While during the revolution, the veil was worn and seen as a symbol of protest many women were alarmed when talk of the hijab being compulsory was discussed. The topic was inflated when Ayatollah Khomeini was quoted to say that he preferred to see women in modest Islamic clothing. In 1981 veiling was made compulsory and cosmetics were banned, harsh punishments were also introduced by the morality police such as the removal of lipstick by a razor blade. In the early 1980s women were banned from acting as judges and were discouraged from becoming lawyers. The Islamic government repealed Family Protection Laws of 1967 and 1973, that restricted polygamy, allowed women the right to divorce, and raised the minimum age for marriage. The Regime banned contraception and lowered the marriage age of girls from 15 to 9. They also banned women for various fields of study and profession.

After the death of Ayatollah Khomeini many of the restrictions on women were lifted. the government tried to stabilize population growth distributing contraceptives often for free of charge. This caused the fertility rate to decline from 3.2 to 2.3 children per woman, which was one of the lowest rates in the Middle Eas t. In 1992, the High Council of the Integration Revolution adopted a set of Employment Policies for women, that encouraged the interrogation of women into the labor force while sill emphasising the importance of family roles for women. Women were encouraged to enter gynecology, pharmacology, midwifery, and laboratory work. Although they continued to be prevented from certain professors as 'Islamically-inappropriate'. In 1990 the field of law was open to women and they were permitted in the Special Civic Courts, although they cannot serve as judges.


 * 1) Notable Iranian Women


 * Anouseh Ansari, first self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station
 * Dr. Nina Ansary, feminist author
 * Parisa Tabriz, head of security at Google Chrome
 * Shirin Ebadi, 2003 Nobel Peace Laureate
 * Homa Shibany, Iran's first female surgeon
 * Maryam Mizakhani, first woman to win Fields Medal
 * Alenush Terian, Astronomer known as 'mother of modern Iranian astronomy'
 * Simin Behbahani, poet and 1997 Nobel prize nominee
 * Marjane Satraphi, writer, Persepolis
 * Sohreh Aghdashloo, actress, 2003 Oscar nominee for House of Sand and Fog
 * Golshifteh Farahani, actress and musician
 * Kimia Alizadeh, First Iranian Female Olympic Medalist
 * Mahnaz Afkahami, first minister of Women's affairs in Iran
 * Masoumeh Ebtekar, Iranian Vice President of Iran for Women and Family affairs
 * Farrokhroo Parsa, first Iranian women to become Minister of education; executed in 1980 following Iranian Revolution
 * Nusrat Bhutto, former First Lady of Pakistan
 * Soraya Esfandiary Bakhitari, former Queen
 * Farah Pahlavi, empress (wife of Mohammad Reza Shah)
 * Nur Jahn, Mughal Empress
 * Roya Hakakian, Iranian- Jewish human rights activist and author
 * Badri Teymourtash first female iranian dentist, founder of School of Dentistry, Mashhad University
 * Neda Agha- Soltan, shot during the 2009 Iranian election protests
 * Zahra Bani Yaghoub, Iranian medical doctor who died in prison after arrested by the moral police
 * Nazanin Fatehi, controversially sentenced to death for the murder of the man who allegedly tried to rape her and her 15 year old niece
 * Zahra Rahnavard, first female chancellor of a university after Iranian revolution
 * Effat Tejaratchi, first Iranian woman to fly an airplane
 * Nasrin Sotoudeh, Iranian human rights lawyer

Article evaluation: Women in Iran due 2/22


 * has a good flow- lists time periods then moves forward in time


 * discusses education and dress but does not include legal rights


 * under music missing how women are not allowed to sing solos for more than 14 seconds


 * not very neutral, following sentence can be considered bias "Women have always played fundamental, crucial, and representative roles in the long history of Iran"
 * does not discuss common women's lives

Potential articles due 3/1:


 * Women in Iran
 * Women's education in Iran
 * Women's rights movement in Iran
 * Women's rights in iran
 * sex segregation in iran
 * Iran's Family Protection Law