User:Zeman/Pronoun

= Pronouns and pronominal (pronoun-like) words =

Words that refer to an entity, quality, quantity, location etc. rather than describing or naming them.

There are various types of pronominal words w.r.t. the function of the pronominal reference. Pronominal words can thus be itemized as e.g. demonstrative / interrogative / indefinite / negative words, among others:
 * personal ("I", "you", "he", "she", "it", "we", "they")
 * reflexive [personal] (refers to the subject)
 * reciprocal ("each other")
 * possessive ("my/mine", "your/yours", "his", "her/hers", "its", "our/ours", "their/theirs")
 * reflexive possessive (the subject is the possessor)
 * demonstrative ("this", "that", "there", "then")
 * interrogative ("who", "what", "whose", "which", "where", "when", "how", "why")
 * exclamative (just a different usage of interrogatives, as in "how beautiful!")
 * relative (in many languages heavily overlaps with interrogatives but not necessarily)
 * relative possessive (cs: "jehož" ("whose"))
 * indefinite ("someone", "somebody", "something", "some", "somewhere", "sometimes"; "anyone", "anybody", "anything", "any", "anywhere", "anytime")
 * collective (sometimes included in indefinites) ("everyone", "everybody", "everything", "every", "each", "all", "everywhere")
 * negative ("no one", "nobody", "nothing", "none", "nowhere", "never")

Some theories restrict the term pronoun to words used instead of nouns. Words used instead of adjectives are called determiners or just adjectives. Many theories exclude pronominal adverbs from pronouns and include them in adverbs. Pronominal numerals are sometimes included in numerals but some sorts of numerals (e.g. ordinal numbers) may in turn be considered adjectives.

Noun or noun phrase

 * Represents an entity.
 * Common noun describes or names a general entity having some defined properties.
 * Proper noun names a particular entity: typical proper nouns are names of persons, locations, companies, products etc.
 * Pronoun refers to an entity. Some tagsets include it under nouns (Russian, Chinese) but mostly pronouns are treated separately. See more under pronouns.
 * Some higher cardinal numbers ("thousands", "millions") can be used as nouns.

Adjective

 * Modifies a noun phrase or can be used predicatively with a copula verb.
 * Represents a quality.
 * Pronominal adjectives are often (but not always) classified as determiners or (attributive) pronouns. See more under determiners and pronouns.
 * Ordinal and generic numerals are sometimes classified as adjectives (excluding adverbial ordinals of course).
 * Pronominal ordinal/generic numerals could also be classified as determiners or pronouns.

Pronoun

 * In most theories, pronominal references to entities (used instead of a noun phrase) belong here. Personal pronouns are the best example.
 * In some theories, pronominal adjectives (used to modify a noun phrase), i.e. determiners, belong here, too. The class of pronouns may then be explicitly divided according to usage to substituting pronouns (i.e. pronouns in the narrower sense) and attributive pronouns (determiners). However, in quite a few corpora this distinction is not tagged at all, reflecting the fact that many words can be used both ways withouth changing their morphology. See also determiners.
 * Pronominal adverbs are usually considered more adverbs than pronouns but there are exceptions: in BulTreeBank, pronominal adverbs are pronouns whose reference type is location, time or manner.

Determiner

 * Pronominal adjective or attributively used pronoun.
 * Some theories do not recognize the term determiner. Instead, they classify determiners as (attributive) pronouns or as pronominal adjectives.

Numeral

 * Cardinal numerals often modify noun phrases, which would justify their inclusion under adjectives. This is not usual, though; an example is Danish Dependency Treebank.
 * Pronominal cardinal numerals (Czech "kolik", "tolik", "několik").
 * Ordinal numerals are sometimes classified as numerals, sometimes as adjectives.
 * Pronominal ordinal numerals (Czech "kolikátý", "tolikátý", "několikátý").
 * An adverbially used form of ordinal numerals can be classified also as adverbs.
 * Pronominal adverbial ordinal numerals (Czech "pokolikáté", "potolikáté", "poněkolikáté").
 * Multiplicative numerals behave like adverbs.
 * Pronominal multiplicative numerals (Czech "kolikrát", "tolikrát", "několikrát").
 * Generic numerals indicate number of sorts e.g. for pluralia tantum. Syntactically, they are close to cardinal numerals.
 * Pronominal generic numerals (Czech "kolikerý", "kolikero", "tolikerý", "tolikero", "několikerý", "několikero").

Adverb

 * Adverbs derived from adjectives.
 * Adverbs derived from prepositional phrases.
 * Genuine adverbs ("today", "yesterday", "tomorrow").
 * Pronominal adverbs ("where", "when", "there", "then", "how", "why").
 * Adverbial numerals (multiplicative, ordinal).
 * Pronominal adverbial numerals.

How to create a new part of speech in ISOcat

 * Go to "My Workspace", click on the icon for "Create a new Data Category".
 * Complete the form, click on "Save".
 * Add the new data category to a relevant data category selection, if applicable.
 * Display the data category, click on "Check this Data Category" (any warnings or errors?)
 * Make the category publicly visible by clicking on "Change the scope of this Data Category".
 * Edit the partOfSpeech DC (1345). Add the new part of speech to its conceptual domain. Save it.