User:Zhalgin/Kenesary Kasymov

Kenesary Khan (KAZ. Kenesary Kasimuly; 1802, near the mountain Burabai, Akmola oblast — 1847, hill Partridge-Singer the river Karasu, Kyrgyzstan) — Kazakh Sultan, Chingizid, the grandson of Abylai Khan. Since 1841 — the last Khan of all three Kazakh zhuzes.

В современном Казахстане почитается на государственном уровне как лидер национально-освободительного движения казахов в 1837—1847 годах за независимость от Российской империи. В советской историографии Кенесары характеризовался как руководитель реакционного феодально-монархического движения, направленного на отрыв Казахстана от России.

Biography
Father Kenesary Kasym-Sultan, or Kasym-tore, was born of a daughter Dzungar huntaidzhi Galdan-Carina. Kasim, being noble and rich of Genghis Khan (Torah), had several wives and numerous offspring. His older wife Ikumi was the mother of 6 children Kasim — Sarzhan, Esengeldi, Cats, Agati, Bopay and Kenesary. Bopai, Kenesary's younger sister, was an active participant in the Kenesary uprising. Batyr Nauryzbay, the younger brother of Kenesary, born from the 2nd wife of Kasym, also took an active part in the uprising.

Kenesary, like other representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy, received steppe education and from childhood learned the basics of management and military art. Already in his early years Kenesary became famous for leadership and organizational qualities, stood out among his many brothers and peers, earning the respect of others.

Uprising of the last Kazakh Khan
The longest and largest in the XIX century national liberation uprising in Kazakhstan under the leadership of Khan Kenesary Kasymov covered the entire territory of the Middle Zhuz and parts of the Younger and Older. For example, in the Younger Zhuz, the famous Batyr Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov acted as Kenesary's colleague. As well as the uprising led by Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov in 1836-1838, basically had an irreconcilable attitude to the colonization of land by Russia, the consolidation and expansion of military border lines.

Political views of Kenesary were formed in the difficult years of the 1st quarter of the XIX century, when the Russian Empire increasingly penetrated into the Kazakh steppes. Colonization caused mass protests of Kazakhs. At the head of national anti-colonial performances there were active representatives of the Kazakh Chingizid nobility. It was during this period during the national liberation struggle of the Kazakhs (20-30-ies of the XIX century) Kenesary moved to the political leaders of his people. During these years he took an active part in the movement led by his brother, Sarzhan.

In the struggle against Russia Kenesary acted first as a successor to the political line of his father Kasym and brother Sarzhan, treacherously killed Kokand Khan, then as the head of a new anti-colonial war. After the murder of Sarzhan (1836) and Kasym (1840) Alliance with the Kokand for Kenesary became impossible. He was looking for other allies: Bukhara Khan, Kirghiz, etc. At the heart of Kenesary's actions against the Russian Empire was the desire to stop its advance into the depths of the steppe, to destroy the Russian fortresses built on the Kazakh land and to stop the construction of new ones, but the main thing was to restore the Kazakh statehood of the times of his grandfather Khan Abylai.First, continuing the work of his father, Kenesary tried to solve the problems that arose between the Kazakh khanate and Russia, through diplomacy. There are still some letters left to the Russian authorities — Tsar Nikolay I, the Orenburg governors-General V. A. Perovski, and V. A. Obruchev, Siberian General-Governor P. D. Gorchakov. Taking into account the military and numerical superiority of Russian troops, Kenesary carefully prepared for military action. His military units were constantly trained, and fugitive Russian and foreign masters of arms were involved.

Исчерпав мирные средства решения казахско-российских противоречий, Кенесары начал военные действия, которые охватили большую часть казахских земель. В восстании, кроме родов Среднего жуза, приняли участие роды Младшего жуза — шекти, тама, табын, алшын, шомекей, жаппас и др., роды Старшего жуза — уйсуны, дулаты и др. В битвах казахов против регулярных российских войск вместе с Кенесары самоотверженно сражались такие известные батыры, как Агыбай, Иман, Басыгара, Ангал, Иман Дулатулы, Жанайдар, Жеке, Сураншы, Караман Тайшыгара, Байсеит, Жоламан Тиленшиулы, Бухарбай и др.

In may 1838, the rebels besieged and ruined and then burned Akmola fortification (in place of which is now the capital of Kazakhstan — the city of Astana).After that, during the autumn, the Kazakhs continued guerrilla warfare, systematically attacking orders, pickets and travels, emptying the auls of sultans and interrupting communication. Kenesary had to fight on two fronts: in the North with punitive detachments, in the South with the rulers of the Kokand khanate.

In 1845 Kenesary captured a number of Kokand fortresses: Zhanakorgan, Zhulek and Sozak. And 1846 Khan conquered the fortress Measure. Kenesary led an irreconcilable and persistent struggle with the Royal troops, the Kokand Emirate and internal enemies for the political independence of the Kazakhs.

Kenesary meanwhile strengthened its position in the Steppe, pursuing a strict policy towards the clans and auls loyal to the Imperial authorities.

With promises and threats, the Khan persuaded people to move out of the border districts controlled by the Imperial authorities. On that in most cases rodopraviteli and Bai agreed. Omsk administration, in turn, sought to prevent migrations, acting through her loyal sultans and sending in the footsteps of the departed volost residents military units to return them to their former place by force. To the few volosts loyal to the Russian authorities, P. D. Gorchakov sent appeals, addressing sultans, foremen. Thus, the nobility of Karach-Jaulubayev parish on behalf of the Governor-General was thanked for the fact that this parish, unlike others, did not take the migration in response to the calls of Kenesary, and it was proposed to detain in his parish "suspicious" people

В 1841 году на сборе казахской родовой знати и султанов Кенесары Касымов был провозглашён ханом. Он восстановил суд биев, разбиравший дела по нормам шариата. Своей налоговой политикой Кенесары закреплял нормы мусульманского права: для скотоводческих районов сохранил зякет (налог, взимавшийся со скотоводов в пользу хана и султана), для земледельческих — ушур (налог, взимавшийся с оседлого населения). Деспотизм хана Кенесары, считавшего казахские жузы своим наследственным достоянием, вызывал возмущение у народа, начавшего открыто выступать против него. Кенесары продолжал политику своего деда Аблая и полагал, что жестокость может сделать ханскую власть прочной. В 1844 году люди Наурызбая, брата Кенесары, прибыли в аулы жаппасов и потребовали зякет. Встретив сопротивление, воины Кенесары за одну ночь вырезали более 500 аулов жаппасов. Долгое время после этого представители этого многочисленного по тем временам рода пылали ненавистью к Кенесары, ведь в своё время они были его надёжной опорой в войне против России, выступая в авангарде его войск.

Foreign policy
Kenesary Khan in his foreign policy built allied and military relations with the Central Asian khanates. Under his father Kasim Torah kept the Union with the Kokand khanate. But after the murder of his father and brother Kokand was captured. Kokand Khan Muhammad Alikhan freed him from captivity and returned his family and property. Kenesary went to the khanate of Khiva. Khiva Khan Allakuli received him with honor and offered him to make an Alliance against Bukhara. Having accepted this offer, Kenesary, however, did not refuse and support of Bukhara. The Emir of Bukhara, Nasrullah Khan proposed an Alliance against Khiva. Kenesary Khan offered him an Alliance against Kokan. Kenesary Khan tried to get help from Khiva and Bukhara. Kenesary's relations with the Russian Empire were tense, because after the liquidation of the Khan's power, the tsarist government did not recognize him as Khan. Kenesary was negotiating with the Imperial government on the world. In 1841-1843, Kenesary Khan and the Russian Empire reached a peace agreement, but with the arrival of the Governor of Orenburg V. A. Obruchev, the peace agreement was violated, and a punitive operation against Kenesary began. In 1844. to Kenesary, on behalf of the Orenburg Governor arrived as Ambassador a member of the boundary Commission Biy Baimuhanbetov of Amansi and handed the Khan a letter Obrucheva. In 1845, the rate arrived at the Embassy of the Russian government, headed by guern and Debts. The purpose of the Embassy was to persuade Kenesary Khan to submit to Russia and fulfill its requirements. Kenesary Khan has put forward a counter-condition. Both sides did not recognize each other's demands, and the negotiations did not yield results.

Kenesary Khan sought to cooperate with the Kyrgyz. He sent his people to the Ormon-Khan, but he he is subject Manapov did not want Union with Kenesary Khan. After the refusal of the Kyrgyz Kenesary began to focus on China. Kenesary Khan sent an Embassy to the Emperor Daoguan. Daoguan promised to restore the relations that were under his grandfather Abylai Khan.

Recognition

 * In 1842-1843 the Emir of Bukhara, Nasrullah Khan admitted Kenesary Khan of the Kazakhs. Russian Emperor Nicholas I did not recognize Kenesary Khan of all zhuzes.

Death
After returning from a campaign in Kokand Kenesary arrived in the land of the Middle juz. However, by that time Russia had taken decisive measures, which made it impossible to continue the struggle in the territory of the Middle Zhuz. Then Kenesary made the decision to leave on the territory of the Senior Zhuz. He sent there his younger brother Nauryzbay with a hundred horsemen, so he asked for the allocation of land for the nomads. Sultan Rustem received Nauryzbay and promised to allocate land and fully support Kenesary Khan. In 1846 Kenesary Khan left the territory of the Middle Zhuz. Having come to the land of the Elder Zhuz, he began to negotiate with the Kyrgyz manapas, who promised to support him, but in fact led a double policy. Despite the truce between Kenesary Khan and the Kirghiz, the latter violated it, killing one of the Khan's favorite batyrs — Sauryk Batyr. In response to their actions in April 1847 Kenesary with 15-thousand army invaded the borders of Kyrgyzstan. This invasion was extremely cruel, after which the Kyrgyz began to prepare for war. In the town of Maitobe — Keklik-Sengir was a battle with the Kyrgyz Manap led by Ormon. But during the battle, the sultans Rustem and Sypatai betrayed Kenesary and took with them a significant part of the army. The battle lasted several days. Even left with five hundred warriors, Kenesary did not give up. On the offer to run he answered that if the Kazakh Khan will run, it will be a bad example for descendants. Kenesary was caught and held captive for about three months, as the Kyrgyz did not know what to do with him. It was decided to execute him. Before his execution, he asked permission to read namaz. A large number of Kazakh prisoners were brought to the place of execution to watch the execution of the last Kazakh Khan, and after the torture his head was cut off. The head of Kenesary Khan Kyrgyz Manap Ormon with a letter with a wax seal was given as a gift to the Governor-General of Western Siberia Gorchakov as a sign of loyalty of the Kyrgyz of the Russian Empire.

The fate of the destiny of Kenesary
According to the eyewitness of those events Kirghiz Caligula Alibekova, the leader of one of the Kazakh tribes Sypathy and Sultan Rustem advised the Kyrgyz Manap jantaev Karabekov, who turned out to be the severed head of Kenesary, give it to the Russians. As a result, the head of Kenesary was sent to Drip, accompanied by Caligula from Alibekova Kyrgyz and Sapata and Rustem Sultan — from Kazakhs. The owner of the Royal silver medal was Caligula.

In 1992 on the initiative of the Institute of history and Ethnology. CH. Valikhanov in the area of Maitobe — Keklik-Sengir archaeological excavations were conducted in search of the remains of Kenesary Kasymov, which ended in vain.

Among Kazakhstanis it was believed that the head of Kenesary is kept to this day in the Kunstkammer or the Hermitage. After the official request of the Consulate General of Kazakhstan to the Kunstkammer on November 4, 2004, Director of MAE RAS Yuri Chistov and head of the Department of anthropology of MAE RAS Valery Khartanovich wrote a response, which States that "the subject "head of Kenesary Kasymov" (as well as other items related to this historical figure) in the funds Of the Museum of anthropology and Ethnography named after Peter the First (Kunstkammer) was not found. There are also no documents proving the presence of any items related to Kenesary Kasymov in our Museum earlier."

In an interview with radio "Azattyk" Deputy Director of the Kunstkammer Efim Rezvan said:"It is pointless to look for such exhibits in the Hermitage. Such things were sent only to the Kunstkammer. And if kenesara's head is not in the Cabinet of curiosities, then there is nowhere."

Family and descendants
Grandson Kenesary, Azimhan Akhmetuly Kenesarin (1878-1937) was the leaders of the Alash Orda, Secretary of the revolutionary Committee, head of the land Department of the County Executive Committee. In 1930 he was arrested on charges of "nationalism". Re-arrested in 1937 and shot. In 1956 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Great-grandson Kenesary Kasymov, On a tie Masimhanuly Kenesarin (1908-1975) — scientist, doctor of geological-mineralogical Sciences, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, honored geologist of Uzbekistan.

Personality

 * British Explorer T. Atkinson wrote: "Kenesary was made of the Kazakhs of the great fighters. Many told me that it was the extraordinary dexterity in handling a spear and a battle axe that allowed Kenesary's horsemen to fight so successfully against superior enemy forces. Having good officers, Kazakhs could make the best cavalry in the world". L. Meyer: "To the characterization of Kenesary, we should add that he treated Russian prisoners very condescendingly. This fact is confirmed by many examples. In General, he had a great gift to bind people to him, he fought a few Russian fugitives. In the writings of the Russian researcher a dobrosmyslova on Kenesary said that "this Sultan was a man of energetic, determined, having, besides, a remarkable mind".  V. Potto wrote that "at the head of the rebellion was violent, but gifted and highly energetic personality."  M. Vanyukov noticed that "his subordinates, he (the left) know how to inspire adoration and willingness to follow him anywhere."  Being amazed by the vigorous energy and organizational talent of Kenesary, V. Potto compared him with Shamil, and Semenov-Tian-Shan — with the Pontic king Mithridates VI Evpator, who entered the war with Rome.  Russian scientist N. Ya. Konshin wrote: "Only in the person of Kenesary Kasymov we meet in the true sense of the national Kazakh hero, who dreamed of political unity of all Kazakh different tribes and even the hordes."

Memory

 * The streets of Astana, Almaty and Kokshetau bear the name of the last Kazakh Khan.
 * In 2001, an equestrian monument to Kenesary Khan by Shot-Aman Ualikhanov was erected in Astana on the Bank of the Ishim river.
 * In 2004 in Russia in publishing house "Young guard" in a series "Life of remarkable people" there was a book by Edige Valikhanov devoted to the last Kazakh Khan Kenesary. Before that, only three Kazakhs were represented in this series — Saken Seifullin, Kanysh Satpayev, Chokan Valikhanov.

Kenesary in the art



 * Kenesary derived in the novel by Jules Verne "Michael strogoff. The courier of the Tsar" in the role of the Tatar Khan of Feofana. At the insistence of Ivan Turgenev, the novel by the French writer was translated into Russian and published in St. Petersburg in 1900.
 * Famous Kazakh writer Ilyas Esenberlin in 1969 wrote a novel about him "Khan Ken" (the third part of the famous trilogy "Nomads").
 * In 2008, "Kazpost" issued a postage stamp of 25 tenge "Portrait of Kenesary" by the artist Abilkhan Kasteev.
 * In 2014, the Director Satybaldy Narymbetov made a film "Amanat" about Kenesary Kasymov.
 * In 2017, a documentary film directed by Mukhtar Umarov "Kenesary — the Last battle" about Kenesary Kasymov is expected.

Literature

 * Кенесары Касымов // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.
 * Кенесары Касымов // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.

При написании этой статьи использовался материал из издания «Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия» (1998—2007), предоставленного редакцией «Қазақ энциклопедиясы» по лицензии Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported.