User:Zhaoming Huang/Chinese Government Revenue

Chinese Government Revenue refers to the sum of all funds raised by the government to perform its functions, implement public policies, and provide public goods and services. Fiscal revenue is expressed as the monetary revenue of government departments in a certain period (usually a fiscal year). Fiscal revenue is an important indicator to measure the financial strength of a country's government. The scope and quantity of public goods and services provided by the government in social and economic activities are largely determined by the abundance of fiscal revenue. According to reports, in the first five months of 2010, China's fiscal revenue was 3,547 billion yuan, an increase of 8362 billion yuan over the same period last year, an increase of 30.8%. Combined with the expectation in the second half of the year, RMB 8 trillion may be realized for the whole year, which means that the Chinese government will become the second richest government in the world. By 2020, China's fiscal revenue in 2020 will reach RMB 182,895.

Finance is connected with the birth and existence of the country. In order to maintain its own existence and function, the state must consume certain social products. However, the state itself usually does not directly engage in production activities, so it must rely on its own political power to compulsorily expropriate some social products to meet the needs of various aspects of expenditure. The income and expenditure of this kind of country is finance, it is the distribution of social products carried out by the country by virtue of political power. From the content of this concept, it can be seen that finance is a distribution relationship, a distribution relationship that takes the state as the main body and is concentrated in the social scope. This is the nature of finance.

Classification
According to different standards, fiscal revenue can be classified in different ways. The international classification of fiscal revenue is usually based on the form of government revenue. Under this classification method, fiscal revenue is divided into tax revenue, state-owned asset income, national debt revenue and fee revenue, and other revenues.

Tax Income
Taxation is a form for the government to obtain fiscal revenue compulsorily and freely by virtue of its political rights and in accordance with specific standards in order to achieve its functions. It is the most important form of revenue and the most important source of revenue for the modern country's fiscal revenue. In China, tax revenue can be divided into five types of taxes according to the tax objects, namely turnover tax, income tax, property tax, resource tax and behavior tax. Among them, turnover tax is a tax that is levied on the turnover of commodity exchange and the provision of labor services. Turnover tax is the main tax category of China's tax revenue, accounting for more than 60% of tax revenue. The main turnover taxes are value-added tax, business tax, and consumption tax. , Tariffs, etc. Income tax refers to the tax that is levied on the income of the taxpayer. The income tax that the state has issued includes personal income tax and corporate income tax. Property tax refers to the taxation of various properties (movable and immovable property) as the tax object. The property taxes levied by the state include land value-added tax, real estate tax, urban real estate tax, and deed tax. Resource tax refers to the tax levied on units and individuals that obtain differential income from the development and utilization of national resources. China's resource taxes include resource tax and urban land use tax. Behavior taxes refer to taxes levied on certain specific economic behaviors. Its purpose is to implement the needs of national policies. Behavior taxes in China include stamp duty, urban maintenance and construction tax, etc.

State-owned assets income
Income from state-owned assets refers to the general term for the profits, rents, dividends, dividends, and capital use fees that the state obtains by virtue of the rights of state-owned assets.

Treasury debt income
National debt income refers to the paid income obtained by the state through credit. The income from national debt has the characteristics of voluntariness, compensation and flexibility.

Fee income
Fee income refers to the form of income that national government agencies or institutions charge a certain fee to beneficiaries when they provide public services, implement administrative management, or provide the use of specific public facilities. Specifically, it can be divided into two types: user fees and regulatory fees. User fees are fees charged by the government to users of public facilities according to certain standards, such as fees charged for vehicles using government-built highways, bridges, and tunnels; fees are fees that the government provides to citizens for specific services or specific administrations. Management fees, including administrative fees (such as passport fees, commodity inspection fees, graduation certificate fees) and administrative fees (such as civil litigation fees, birth registration fees, marriage registration fees). Fee income has the characteristics of compensation and uncertainty, and is not suitable as the main form of government fiscal revenue.

Other income
Including capital construction loan repayment income, capital construction income, donation income, etc. In practice, after the reform of government revenue and expenditure classification, "income classification" fully reflects the source and nature of government revenue, including not only budgetary revenue, but also off-budget revenue, social insurance fund revenue, and other items that should fall into the category of government revenue. income. The specific classification situation is: The first category: tax revenue, there are 21 items including value-added tax. The second category: social insurance fund income, which consists of 6 basic pension insurance fund income. The third category: non-tax revenue, including 7 government fund revenues. The fourth category: Loan on-lending recovery principal income, there are 4 domestic loan principal recovery income, etc. The fifth category: debt income, divided into two categories: domestic debt income and foreign debt income. The sixth category: transferable income, divided into 10 categories such as rebate income.

Significance
First, fiscal revenue is the premise of fiscal expenditure. Fiscal allocation is a unified process of revenue and expenditure, fiscal expenditure is the purpose of fiscal revenue, while fiscal revenue is the premise and guarantee of fiscal expenditure. In general, the amount of revenue determines the scale of fiscal expenditure, and more revenue is required for more expenditure.Therefore, only on the basis of developing production and actively gathering funds can we create the premise for more fiscal expenditure.

Secondly, fiscal revenue is the financial guarantee to realize the functions of the state. In order to realize its functions, the state must have a certain amount of social products, and the fiscal revenue is an important means of financing. It is important to realize the functions of the state.

Thirdly, fiscal revenue is an important way to correctly deal with the relationship between the material interests of various parties. The acquisition of fiscal revenue is not only a question of gathering funds, in the specific operation process, how much to obtain, what way to take, related to the implementation of the Party's policy, involving the relationship between the material interests of various parties. Only in the process of organizing the fiscal revenue to correctly deal with various material interests can we achieve the purpose of fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties, optimizing the allocation of resources and coordinating the distribution relationship.

Contents
The contents included in fiscal revenue. (1) Various taxes: including value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, land value-added tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, resource tax, urban land use tax, stamp duty, personal income tax, corporate income tax, customs duty, agricultural and animal husbandry tax and tax on occupation of farmland, deed tax, education surcharge, vehicle and vessel use tax, property tax, slaughter tax, etc.? (2) Special revenue: including revenue from sewage charges, urban water resources fees, education surcharges, etc. (3) Other income: including income from return of capital construction loans, income from capital construction, income from donations, etc. (4) Subsidies for losses of state-owned enterprise plans: this is negative income, which is offset against the fiscal revenue. Content of local fiscal revenue Local fiscal revenue includes local fiscal budget revenue and extra-budgetary revenue. The content of local fiscal budget revenue. (1) Mainly income from locally-owned enterprises and various tax revenues. (2) Tax revenues include business tax, local enterprise income tax, personal income tax, urban land use tax, investment direction adjustment tax on fixed assets, land value-added tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, property tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, stamp duty, agricultural and livestock tax, special agricultural production tax, arable land occupation tax, deed tax, 25% of value-added tax, securities transaction tax (stamp duty) and other resource taxes other than marine oil resource tax. Resource tax. (3) Transfer income from the central government, subsidy allocation income and other income. The extra-budgetary income of local finance mainly includes surcharges on various taxes, income from urban public utilities, income from culture, sports, health, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and water utilities, income from market management and income from change in value of materials, etc.

Principles
The organization of fiscal revenue is not only related to the social and economic development and the improvement of people's living standards, but also related to the correct handling of the relationship between the state, units and individuals and the interests of the central and local levels, and also related to the reasonable burden of different objects. In order to deal with these relationships, when organizing fiscal revenue, the following principles must be mastered.

1. the principle of developing the economy and opening up financial resources

2. the principle of taking into account the interests of the three parties and the two levels

In dealing with the distribution of national income and obtaining its own income accordingly, finance cannot only focus on the acquisition of fiscal revenue, but should also leave the necessary financial resources to units and individuals in order to mobilize and give full play to their enthusiasm. "Taking into account the interests of both the central and local levels" means that the state treasury should take into account the interests of both the central and local levels in the process of distributing national income and obtaining its own income accordingly. According to the financial management system, the state finance is composed of two levels of finance, the central budget and the local general budget. The two levels of finance have their own specific functions and form their own interests, so the interests of both levels should be taken into account when organizing the fiscal revenue.

3. "Reasonable burden" principle

The principle of "reasonable burden" is mainly embodied in taxation, which means that when organizing fiscal revenue, different levy ratios are adopted according to the amount of taxpayers' income, and those who can afford to pay more and those who can afford to pay less. It usually adopts different taxation scope, different taxation rate, tax reduction and exemption to realize. The implementation of reasonable burden is necessary to realize the fair competition of enterprises and to ensure the national financial resources.

Development History
In 1952, the gross domestic product was only 67.9 billion yuan; in 2010, it exceeded 40 trillion yuan, surpassing Japan, and steadily ranked second in the world. Since the 18th Party Congress, China's comprehensive national power has continued to rise, and its economic output has crossed the 70 trillion yuan, 80 trillion yuan and 90 trillion yuan marks in the past three years, accounting for nearly 16% of the world economy. It joined the WTO in 2001 and has taken a more active stance in international economic cooperation. Grain production in 2018 was 4.8 times higher than that in 1949. GDP in 2018 increased 175 times compared with 1952, with an average annual growth rate of 8.1%. per capita GNI reached US$9,732 in 2018, higher than the average level of middle-income countries. fiscal revenue reached 18.3 trillion yuan in 2018, and foreign exchange reserves were above US$3 trillion, ranking first in the world for 13 consecutive years. The social expenditure on research and experimental development reached 1.97 trillion yuan in 2018, with a ratio of 2.18% to GDP, exceeding the average level of the EU15 countries. The national per capita disposable income reached 28,000 yuan in 2018, an increase of 24.3 times in real terms compared with 1978. Since the 18th Party Congress, great attention has been paid to people's livelihood and employment, with new urban employment exceeding 13 million for six consecutive years, and overall employment increasing to 776 million at the end of 2018. China's rural poverty population decreased by a total of 82.39 million from 2013-2018, equivalent to the population of a large country. By 2018, the incidence of rural poverty fell to 1.7%, contributing more than 70% to global poverty reduction.

National Policy
Central fiscal revenue and local fiscal revenue refer to the central-level revenue and local-level revenue according to the fiscal system. after the 1994 tax-sharing fiscal system, the revenue belonging to the central government includes tariffs, consumption tax and VAT levied by customs on behalf of the central government, consumption tax, income tax of central enterprises, income tax of local banks and foreign banks and non-bank financial enterprises, centralized payment of railway, head office of banks and insurance companies, etc. business tax, income tax, profit and urban maintenance and construction tax, 75% part of VAT, 50% part of securities transaction tax (stamp duty) and marine oil resource tax. The income belonging to the local treasury includes business tax, local enterprise income tax, personal income tax, urban land use tax, fixed asset investment direction adjustment tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, property tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, stamp duty, slaughter tax, farming and animal husbandry tax, agricultural special production tax, arable land occupation tax, deed tax, 25% part of VAT, 50% part of securities transaction tax (stamp duty) and marine petroleum resource tax except and other resource taxes except marine oil resource tax.

Institutional division
In addition, income tax paid by railroad transportation, national postal service, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, China Development Bank, China Agricultural Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of China and offshore oil and gas enterprises is treated as central exclusive income. The income tax paid by the central inter-regional operation and centralized payment enterprises, provincial power companies, highways and cigarette factories are treated as central and provincial shared income. Other corporate income taxes and all personal income tax revenues are shared proportionally among the central, provincial and municipal states. The sharing ratio was 50%, 15% and 35% in 2002 and 60%, 12% and 28% in 2003 respectively.