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Diagnosis
Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS), also known as Persistent Oviduct Syndrome, is a congenital disorder related to male sexual development. PMDS usually affects phenotypically normal male individuals with the karyotype (46, XY) and is a form of pseudohermaphroditism[11]. PMDS has various possibilities of cause to do with AMH or its receptors abnormalities. For example, AMH has failed to synthesis, failed to release or was secreted at the wrong time[13]. The condition develops in males that consist of normal functioning reproductive organs and gonads, but also female reproductive organs such as the uterus and fallopian tubes. The female reproductive organs origin from a structure from when both genders are still foetuses, called the “Mullerian Duct”. In males, the secretion of ‘Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)’ causes the regression of the Mullerian Duct. Normally, both the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts are present during the 7th week of gestation. Approximately by the end of the 7th and beginning of the 8th week of gestation, the Sertoli cell’s secretion of AMH occur, thus the male sex differentiation during foetal development [12]. The AMH molecules bind to AMHRII (Anti-Mullerian Hormone Receptor Type II) regressing the Mullerian duct. Additionally, the Leydig cells secrete testosterone to aid male differentiation process by inducing structures such as the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. However, with PMDS individuals, the Mullerian Duct persists instead of regressing due to errors with AMH or the AMH receptor. The problem either coincides with the secretion of AMH (PMDS Type I) or the receptor (PMDS Type II) [ 14]. This condition is usually coincidentally found during surgery for inguinal hernia, or when the surgeon looks for the reason why the male individual is infertile in adulthood.[15]

Genetic Tests
Another method for the confirmation of PMDS is Genetic Testing[20]. It is not usually preferred because of its processing period and cost. With image screenings such as ultrasounds and MRI, the condition can be efficiently confirmed. Genetic tests can identify those who hold the mutated gene, identify the family member’s chances and risks, and advise those who are trying to get pregnant. Genetic counselling and further genetic testing is offered to confirm the chances and risks of an individual’s offspring obtaining the pair of mutated genes. Further research into the family tree and inheritance is possible as well.

ELISA
An ELISA test is a form of immunoassaying which is a technique consisting of enzymes to identify the presence of particular substances. For PMDS, ELISA tests can be used to determine the levels of AMH within the male individual’s serum. However, this is only effective before the individual reaches puberty as it normally increases in this period[16]. The result for PMDS patients display low levels of AMH within the serum, and low levels of testosterone

Reference
|date=May 2018|sure=y}}