User:Zhz0/Airline

The aviation industry is a global industry, and airlines are an important part of the aviation industry. The development of airlines is an important symbol of human civilization, economy, and technological development. A long time ago, humans had no means of transportation, and traveled on their own feet. The emergence of transportation means that people are getting rid of the trouble caused by distance. From bicycles to electric bicycles, from cars to trains, from high-speed trains to magnetic levitation, from ships to airplanes, with the development of technology, transportation has brought people faster travel convenience, let people to travel around the world easily. Especially the appearance of airplanes greatly facilitates people's various travel needs for business and leisure. With the improvement of people’s economic level, the demand for using aircraft as a means of transportation has increased, which has promoted the development of the aviation industry. "Air transport requires access to high-quality infrastructure at competitive cost if it is to fulfill the demand for air travel, which, according to IATA's 20-year forecast, is set to more than double by 2035. Collaboration with infrastructure partners—especially with airports, air navigation service providers (ANSPs), and fuel suppliers—is crucial." From China’s aviation development History can see the development and changes of the global air transport industry. The global airport infrastructure is increasing rapidly, the number of airlines and airports has increased drastically, the density of flying flights has been increasing, the number of aircraft types has become more and more wide-body aircraft, and the passenger traffic has increased sharply…While the air transport industry is developing rapidly, it has also brought more carbon emissions to the world, which has exacerbated the planet’s climate crisis. In the face of these severe problems, the International Air Transport Association and various airlines have actively taken effective measures to reduce carbon emissions and formulated industry-based solutions.

1949-1980
When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, “Only 17 aircraft participated in the formation flight of the founding parade—9 P-51 Mustang fighters, 2 Mosquito bombers, 3 C-46 transport aircraft, 2 PT-19 primary trainers and 1 L-5 contact machine”, and no civil aviation, no civil aviation aircraft, either. During the founding ceremony of the People’s Republic of China, “ the 17 planes were not enough to fly out of momentum. Premier Zhou immediately arranged for the Air Force’s P-51 to turn 180 degrees after it flew and flew again” over Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Over the years, China’s civil aviation industry has developed slowly. Civil aviation needs to  use the military's equipment and airports for flight. Civil aviation uses military airport equipment, towers, dispatchers, and airports for operations. There is no independent civil aviation equipment and airport.

1980s
"On February 27, 1980, the Aviation Materials Department of the Civil Aviation Administration of Civil Aviation participated in the first Boeing 747SP 2442 wide-body passenger aircraft ordered by the Civil Aviation of China." After that, China's civil aviation industry has successively increased the number and variety of aircraft. In 1980, China's civil aviation was not very developed. Ordinary Chinese did not have the opportunity to fly, not only because the price of air tickets was high, and the people's salary income was not enough to buy air tickets. More importantly, the purchase of air tickets requires a letter of introduction from the unit. According to China's national conditions at the time, all units were owned by the state. There were no private enterprises nor private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises, or joint ventures. Ordinary people in China who want to buy air tickets will not be approved by the unit's leadership, let alone issue a letter of introduction to him or her. Therefore, those who take the aircraft of China's civil aviation are all officials of government and leaders of business. “In the 1990s, the process of buying air tickets was more cumbersome. Only those who have reached a certain level of work can use the letter of introduction from the unit to book air tickets on the spot, and air tickets at that time were all handwritten manually.

“ Purchase a letter of introduction from the unit that elects the bus ticket and your work certificate, and the person who takes the flight is required to be a county leader or various professional and technical personnel with senior technical titles.

Deng Xiaoping
In February 1980, Deng Xiaoping proposed that “civil aviation must be enterprise-oriented" and began the history of the rapid development of China's civil aviation industry.

1990s
It was not until June 10, 1993 that the requirement to purchase tickets with a letter of introduction was cancelled. Even if there is a letter of introduction, it is very convenient to buy tickets. Go to the ticket office a few days in advance, because there are many people who buy tickets on their own. When taking a flight, you may also encounter the appetite to "grab your seat". Because at the age of 50 in the last century, there were no seats on the plane, but in the future, the flight attendants will be seated. At that time, the time was not big and time was limited, so it was easier to arrange. IN the 1950s, there was no need to check-in seats on airplanes, and passengers were seated in the order arranged by the flight attendants after boarding. At that time, the planes were not big and the seats were limited, so it was easier to arrange. However, after the Il-18 was put into use in the 1960s, the number of passengers increased, and the phenomenon of grabbing seats in a car appeared. The Civil Aviation Administration of China made a timely provision for the implementation of matching seats on the Il-18 aircraft, which was then implemented on the Trident and Boeing 707 aircraft, and the cabin order was improved. But the passengers still need to go to the airport to wait a long time in advance, because once the flight is missed, the ticket will be invalid. "

When the development of reform and opening up, Some people are rich enough to buy air tickets. Private enterprises and self-employed individuals have emerged one after another, and there have been many "nouveau riche" and "ten thousand yuan households" whose financial ability can afford expensive air tickets, but they often still cannot fly. Because usually air tickets are reserved for government officials. They buy air tickets with letters of introduction from their own company. They are often placed on the waiting list. Government officials have the priority to take the air ticket. “ From the beginning of civil aviation operations in the 1950s to the 1980s, air tickets were filled in manually. The content to be filled in includes the passenger's name, itinerary, fare, airline code, flight number, seat class, boarding date and departure time, reservation status, free baggage allowance, etc., and the ticket must be manually stamped with a business seal.”

The Booking System of Civil Aviation of China Changes

 * 1) Initially, only the control office of the ticketing department at the origin of the flight had the power to allocate tickets. If you are in a different city and want to buy a ticket, you must make a long-distance phone call to inquire, but because you are in a different place, you can only make an appointment in advance and you cannot buy a ticket until you arrive at the ticket department. The way to fill in the air ticket is manually. “ There are four ticket coupons, the first coupon, the financial coupon, and the financial coupons are handed in. The second coupon is the ticket issuer coupon and the conductor keeps the coupon. The third coupon is the flight coupon, the last coupon is the passenger coupon, and the last two It is handed over to the passenger. After the passenger goes to the airport, the check-in department tears off the flight coupon. Finally, the passenger takes the passenger coupon to board the plane and brings it back as a reimbursement voucher. "
 * 2) Larger airlines coordinated their own company’s offices in different countries across China, and started to be able to remotely buy tickets. The form of booking is still telephone contact. The way to fill in the air ticket is to fill in manually. “ Tickets are handwritten, and boarding passes are no exception. For quite a long time, the ticketing system of China Southern Airlines and the check-in system of Guangzhou Baiyun Airport have not been connected to each other. Every day, the airport check-in counter must contact the China Southern Airlines ticket office to determine the number of tickets sold every day. Prepare the corresponding number of handwritten boarding passes.”
 * 3) Various airlines can exchange tickets with each other and settle accounts with each other. For example, the flight of Eastern Airlines  could use the ticket of Air China to fill in the ticket. After the passengers pay for the air tickets, the airlines use the financial coupons of the tickets to settle each other. The booking method is still telephone contact. The way to fill in the air ticket is to fill in manually. It is still limited to passengers issuing tickets at the place of departure.
 * 4) China Civil Aviation Information Network Co., Ltd. has developed ticket booking software. Computer system booking.  The departure flight information is entered in the computer system and can be queried at any time. However, because paper tickets that are filled out by hand are still used, tickets cannot be bought in other places.
 * 5) China Civil Aviation Information Network Co., Ltd. enters flight information of various airports in China into the civil aviation booking System, the conductor can book seats and issue tickets for passengers according to the information of the flight system. Open remote ticket sales.
 * 6) The international sales of BILLING & SETTLEMENT PLAN (BSP) in China on July 31, 1995 The trial operation began on August 1, 1996, and the formal operation began on August 1, 1996. On September 1, 1996, the trial operation of China's BSP extension to domestic sales began. On January 1, 1997, China's BSP domestic sales entered formal operation.
 * 7) Cancel the manual issuance and start the printer to print the passenger's flight voucher.
 * 8) On March 28, 2000 Cancel paper tickets and active e- tickets, China Southern Airlines officially launched e-tickets for individual passengers, built an e-ticket system integrated with online sales and online payment, and sold the first e-ticket in China. After purchasing a ticket, people only need to hold their ID card and go to the airport check-in counter to directly redeem the boarding pass. Ate e-tickets.
 * 9) By the end of 2011, China had taken the lead in becoming a country with a 100% penetration rate of avionics in the world. Over the past ten years, China Southern Airlines’ official website has sold one or two e-tickets a month when it was first launched in 2000, and now the transaction amount has exceeded 100 million yuan a day. Most of these transactions worth over 100 million yuan are done through electronic payments.”
 * 10) “ In 2000, the first e-ticket of China's civil aviation was launched, the first self-service check-in was launched in 2005, the first domestic electronic boarding pass was launched in 2009, the first e-invoice of China's civil aviation was issued in 2016, and the country's first airline was launched in 2017 Passenger transportation electronic invoices have enabled China's first face recognition intelligent boarding system. China Southern Airlines is constantly reforming and innovating services through informatization.”
 * 11) “In 1998, China Southern Airlines Frequent Flyer Program-Pearl Club was formally established. The service of the Pearl Club is handled manually, and the staff reclaims the mileage based on the boarding pass and ticket sent by the Pearl member. Mileage redemption requires mileage vouchers. After 20 years of development, there are now more than 35 million members. Passengers only need to provide the Sky Pearl membership card number when buying tickets or going through the check-in procedures to automatically accumulate mileage. They can also earn mileage through consumption in hotels and banks that cooperate with China Southern Airlines. The exchange of mileage is also more convenient and diversified. In August 2018, the offline mileage micropayment function of China Southern Airlines Wallet was officially launched. Members can use account mileage to exchange mileage for goods or services at offline merchants including catering and retail industries. In September, China Southern Airlines upgraded its ticket redemption products in its official APP, optimizing the redemption experience while adding more flexible full-cabin dynamic ticket redemption products.”

TravelSky Technology Limited

 * 1) Since its establishment in 2000, TravelSky Technology Limited has monopolized the network information services of China's civil aviation industry. There are many civil aviation information systems around the world, such as Abacus information system, Amadeus information system, Sabre information system and Galileo information system. This aviation information system has its own advantages. Some aviation information systems integrate a full range of travel services such as hotel reservations, car rental services, visa services, and electronic visa services. The Global Distribution System provided by TravelSky Technology Limited has only a single flight booking system for Chinese customers. For various reasons, the Global Distribution System does not display the flights of some airlines outside of China, which causes a lot of troubles for guests who travel internationally. For example, for guests who need to change planes in Paris, France, they can obviously transfer to the next flight directly at the same Airport Charles De Gaulle. They don’t need to wait until the next day or change to ORY Orly Airport or BVA Beauvais Airport to transfer, but As there is no relevant information in the Global Distribution System, many customers have to change their itinerary.


 * 1) China’s air ticket sales agent, China’s airport operating system and China’s airlines are all use TravelSky Technology Limited’ s  the aviation information operation system, Because this is the aviation information operation system of TravelSky Technology Limited which is designated by the government, there is no second company to compete with it. If any Chinese airline refuses to use their aviation information system, then this airline will not survive. By the same token, if an airport in China does not use TravelSky Technology Limited’s aviation information system, then the airport will be paralyzed; air ticket sales agents, airlines, and airports have to purchase special needles provided by TravelSky Technology Limited. Type printer, this kind of printer only needs more than 1,000 yuan to buy a brand new printer in China’s computer technology market. However, it was transformed by TravelSky Technology Limited and installed a "special chip", and transformed into a printer with a price of 6200-6500 China Yuan. The users have to buy the printer from TravelSky Technology Limited, because they cannot find this kind of printer somewhere else. It is not enough for a business office to use only one ticket printer, because the airline business needs to print not only domestic airline tickets, but also international airline tickets. TravelSky Technology Limited requires each user to use domestic ticket printers and international ticket printers separately. TravelSky Technology Limited not only requires users to use printers separately, but also requires separate use of computer information systems. TravelSky Technology Limited charges a monthly service fee of 1,200 yuan for each computer information system. A printer is regarded as a computer information terminal, and the same fee is also charged every month. Therefore, in order to meet business needs, a ticket service department must have at least two computers, one is using the domestic flight information system, another one is using the international flight information system, and at least two printers dedicated to passenger tickets, a domestic ticket printer, and an international ticket printer. Pay at least 4800 yuan to TravelSky Technology Limited every month. If the business volume is large, more fees will be paid to TravelSky Technology Limited.


 * 1) Generally, airlines will give users who sell tickets for their flights ``reservation rewards", which usually becomes "flight contribution rewards." Abacus aviation information  system, AMADEUS aviation information system, Sabre aviation information system and Galileo aviation information  system, these aviation information systems outside of China, not only provide aviation information systems to users for free, but also give the rewards use to their customers who use their aviation information systems for seat reservation and ticketing. Different aviation information system companies give the user different rewards. Usually, the rewards for a flight segment of international flights range from $1-3, and sometimes more are given. TravelSky Technology Limited not only earns users' fees, but also collects "flight contribution awards' ' from various airlines, without giving users a penny. This is also the privileged industry of the Chinese government. “The most successful being the politically connected, especially the children of high-ranking officials or “princelings '' holding provincial and national offices who used their connections to gain control over public resources and ensure state buyers even for bad products.” The huge profits obtained by TravelSky Technology Limited have flowed into the pockets of these privileged people.

The History of Air Ticket Development
“From paper tickets to e-tickets, technological advances have reduced the cost of aviation operations, brought convenience to passenger s, and changed people's lifestyles.” "From handwritten air tickets to e-tickets, and then from e-tickets to two-dimensional code boarding passes...the changes in the form of air tickets, the evolution of check-in methods, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data and other new-generation information technologies The extensive application and in-depth integration of civil aviation provide more "possibility" for civil aviation travel. The air transportation industry takes intelligent services as the main point of its work, starting from the passenger experience, upgrading the e-commerce platform, and providing passengers with more efficient and intelligent services."

Paper Air Ticket
From the beginning of civil aviation operations in the 1950s to the 1980s, air tickets were filled in manually. The content to be filled in includes the passenger's name, itinerary, fare, airline code, flight number, seat class, boarding date and departure time, reservation status, free baggage allowance, etc., and the ticket must be manually stamped with a business seal. In the era of handwritten passenger tickets, paper tickets are the only vouchers for passengers to travel by plane and are a kind of security.


 * 1) At the end of the 1950s, the cover of domestic passenger tickets was ivory-colored, with light bean green patterns and double red line frames printed on all sides, and printed with the bureau emblem and the words "Civil Aviation Administration of China Ticket". The ticket number was six digits. At that time, the airline ticket price also included the passenger shuttle bus from the ticket office of the civil aviation to the local airport. In addition, for safety reasons, the "Guide to Passengers" also specifically printed the "No Photography in the Air" regulations, even though there were very few Chinese who owned photographic equipment at that time.
 * 2) Passenger ticket from Urumqi to Kashgar issued on January 4, 1956. The handwriting on the ticket is clearly visible: the flight date is January 5, 1956, the flight number is 207, and the fare is 300 yuan. In the 1950s, the average monthly living expenses of urban residents in China was only 89 yuan. Such a ticket was considered a "sky price" that year.”
 * 3) “After August 1981, new-style passenger tickets were used in China, and the name of the ticket was officially changed to "ticket and baggage ticket". One coupon ticket with a light blue cover is the most commonly used, and this ticket style has been used until the end of the 1980s. Use red carbon ink copy paper for international passenger tickets, and blue carbon ink paper for domestic tickets. The ink sticks to the fingers of the conductor and is not easy to wash off. There are several copies of an international ticket. When we fill in it, we must be strong, and we must penetrate 6 sheets of paper to ensure that the words on page 7 are clearly visible.”
 * 4) Among the many types of tickets, there is also a special green cover ticket-"Travel Expense Certificate". This is a ticket issued by an airline that can be exchanged for travel-related services during international travel, such as buying tickets for other foreign airlines, paying excess baggage fees and hotel accommodation fees, etc. Many young people now have no concept of "travel certificate", but in the last century, travel certificates were used as an international ticket, which solved the problem of inconvenience caused by restrictions on foreign exchange carried by people going abroad and foreign exchange between different countries.
 * 5) In that era without computers, calculating the freight rates of international voyages was a specialized course. For a connecting flight departing from China, passing through Europe, America, Southeast Asia, and finally back to China, it will take half an hour for experienced freight rate calculation personnel to calculate and recheck. At that time, there were seven or eight young people in the fare group in the international room of the ticket office, and two experienced old employees were responsible for accounting. "Airline Passenger Tariff" published by IATA is a tool used by airlines to calculate freight rates. The reference books are full of "numbers" and will be updated once a month. Except for the frequently used data, which can be familiar to the heart, no one can remember them all. You have to check it even if the fare is concerned. "Fortunately, there are now computers and fare calculation systems. The laborious tasks of turning over reference books and recalculating have become the "past tense"."
 * 6) With the development of society and the advancement of technology, in the 1990s, machines automatically printed passenger tickets that appeared in China. This technological upgrade has greatly improved the efficiency of ticket issuance, and the errors in ticket filling and issuance have been minimized. As a result, handwritten tickets have begun to withdraw from the stage of history. From handwritten ticket to plane ticket, New China Civil Aviation has grown out of nothing, gradually expanded in scale, and continuously improved its service capabilities.

Changes in Consumption Patterns and Climate Impact Brought from Paper Airline Tickets

 * 1) "Paper ticket development history" can clearly understand the context of the development of China's civil aviation in the last century and the imprints of social development and changes. It is not difficult to find that for ordinary people, "flight" and "going abroad" are not. It's as common and convenient as it is today.” This change has witnessed the change in China’s economic model from a planned economy to a market economy. People’s consumption has changed from passively accepting distributed products according to their own wishes. Seek products you like, and enjoy the convenience, speed, pleasure and satisfaction that products bring. As consumers, you really choose products and consume according to your own needs.
 * 2) “they began to wonder how they could acquire them. In these and other ordinary ways, people learned about and perhaps began to feel compelled to desire these consumer products, thereby participating in, deepening, and expanding consumerism. The growing application and social values of the Three Greats and the accompanying shortages of all three further heightened desires for these everyday technologies. Such unmet and growing demands contributed to the development of an informal or gray economy of illicit consumption that was tacitly permitted by the state. The change in people's consumption patterns has increased the demand for social consumption. At the same time, it has promoted the development of social production, and exhaust emissions have increased, which intensified the pace of global warming and brought about a climate crisis.

Electronic Air Ticket

 * 1) “In 1993, the first e-ticketing (e-ticketing) was sold on ValuJet Airlines in the United States. In the following years, e-tickets became popular in North America. As one of the major measures to reduce the cost of the aviation industry, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced at the 60th annual meeting held in Singapore in June 2004: By the end of 2007, 100% of IATA members will use e-tickets.”
 * 2) “ In 2003, Air China keenly felt the market demand in the information age, and took the lead in launching the electronic ticket system for China Travel Sky's domestic routes on July 1 of that year. On July 10, Air China’s first e-ticket passenger, Ma Tieyong, arrived in Shenzhen from Beijing on Air China Flight CA1303.”
 * 3) After 2003, the digitization of passenger tickets progressed rapidly in China. By July 2005, Air China had completed the sales and service network layout of e-tickets at all domestic destinations, with monthly sales exceeding RMB 500 million.
 * 4) In 2006, based on the implementation of e-tickets and the rise of the Internet, Air China established two departments-Air China's official website and 95583 telephone sales service center, taking the first step in building its own e-commerce platform. Huang Feng, deputy general manager of the Sales Department of the Air China Commercial Committee, said: "It can be said that 2006 is the first year of Air China's e-commerce development."
 * 5) After Air China established a telephone sales service center and its own official website, it started formal online sales and established an electronic payment platform. In the second year, it started to vigorously promote offline passenger self-service, such as the earliest airport self-service CUSS machine. In 2007, Air China’s first version of the US official website took three months to build, and gradually achieved marketing and functional upgrades.

The Economic Benefits and Climate Impact of E-Tickets
"For airlines, e-tickets can reduce operating costs, improve efficiency, and enhance competitiveness. According to estimates, an e-ticket can reduce costs by an average of 9 U.S. dollars internationally and an average of 20 yuan in China." E-tickets have saved a lot of production costs for various airlines, and save a lot of human resources, which brings huge benefits. E-tickets replace paper tickets, reduce the use of paper, save energy, and protect the environment and maintain Ecological balance, preventing global warming, and mitigating the climate crisis have made a huge contribution. The use of e-tickets reduces the number of workers, while also reducing carbon emissions at work and reducing the speed of climate warming. This is one piece. Very meaningful thing.

Air China

 * 1) In 1988, civil aviation underwent system reform. CAAC retained government management functions and established six major airlines, including Air China. Air China has used the two-character code CA and the three-character digital code 999 of the original Civil Aviation of China. The aviation emblem is an artistic transformation of the newly designed phoenix pattern. The Chinese logo is "China International Airlines" written by Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the chief designer of reform and opening up, in English "Air China". The cover of the international ticket is blue on a white background, and the cover of the domestic ticket is brown and red on a white background (domestic tickets have briefly used a blue striped face design), all marked with the red Air China logo.
 * 2) Air China's e-2. the commerce platform has grown and developed year by year. Air China’s call center has changed from the original ticket sales to the sales of a variety of value-added service products and additional products; from simple ticket inquiries, it has expanded to provide services throughout the entire journey of passengers. Air China’s call center has grown from more than 100 people to more than 2,000 at present, and its service route network covers the global market. In special scenarios such as flight change delays and overbooking, it can also provide smooth passenger service. Air China’s official website has shifted from the earliest simple sales channel to a comprehensive platform integrating sales, services, various types of information, and marketing promotion. Overseas websites are oriented to different countries and regions, and can provide localized website self-service according to the characteristics of different geographic markets. The average local sales channels account for more than 15%, making Air China an important window for overseas users.
 * 3) In 2010, Air China released the first version of its mobile app.
 * 4) Air China's APP product functions have been continuously optimized, and its appeal to passengers has continued to increase. The annual sales growth of the platform has reached more than 50%. As of the second quarter of 2019, Air China’s APP sales accounted for nearly 70% of its self-operated channels on domestic routes. More than 90% of Phoenix Miles members’ gold card users are using APPs to obtain various services and products in the itinerary. APP It has truly become an important window for Air China.
 * 5) Air China has 28 overseas websites, 1 domestic website, 9 call centers, 1 mobile APP and official WeChat account. Passengers can enjoy full-process services such as ticket purchase, self-service check-in, flight status check, seat reservation, online refund and change through multiple platforms and channels.

China Eastern Airlines

 * 1) In January 1957, the flight squadron of the Shanghai Administration Office of China Eastern Airlines, the predecessor of China Eastern Airlines, opened its first route with only 7 aircraft and 28 pilots, mechanics, and radio operators. The first two routes have been opened-Shanghai to Hangzhou, Nanchang to Guangzhou route and Shanghai via the Hefei, Xuzhou to Beijing route.
 * 2) With the gradual recovery of the national economy, An-2, Li-2, Il-14... these famous Soviet-made aircraft in the history of world aviation are gradually enriched to the Civil Aviation Shanghai Administration Office and the upgraded Civil Aviation Shanghai Administration.
 * 3) In 1961, the Guangzhou-Shanghai flight of the Civil Aviation Administration Bureau of Shanghai received two twin passengers who were just 4 months old. The flight attendant Chen Jizhu took care of the children all the way, allowing the children to arrive in Shanghai smoothly-this was the first time that China Civil Aviation carried no adults accompanying children passengers.
 * 4) In 1964, when the Shanghai Administration opened the Shanghai-Kunming route, the flights already carried not only passenger traffic, but also air cargo. Every week, 2 tons of the most urgently needed materials for the development and construction of the Southwest were airlifted from Shanghai to Kunming.
 * 5) In 1964, Shanghai-Nanjing-Zhengzhou-Xi'an-Lanzhou, Shanghai-Nanchang-Changsha-Guiyang-Kunming and other routes were launched one after another. Shanghai had air passages to the northwest and southwest. The annual passenger traffic volume of the Shanghai Civil Aviation Administration Breaking the 20,000-pass mark that year.
 * 6) In 1974, the Shanghai Civil Aviation Administration Bureau ushered in the first jet "Trident" aircraft.
 * 7) In 1983, two Boeing 707 passenger planes settled in Shanghai.
 * 8) On June 25, 1988, China Eastern Airlines officially opened its doors to the outside world.
 * 9) In 1985, an Airbus A310 passenger plane numbered B-2301 came to Shanghai, and the world's rising star in the field of civil aircraft, European Airbus, made its first appearance in China's civil aviation. Starting from this A310, China Eastern Airlines has become an important partner of Airbus in the Chinese market. Both the first A300 and the first A340 of China's Civil Aviation will be sold to China Eastern Airlines.
 * 10) In 1988, China Eastern Airlines has carried 2.62 million passengers annually to 16 domestic destinations and 5 international and regional destinations in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagasaki, Fukuoka and Hong Kong.
 * 11) In October 1993, China Eastern Airline s Group was established.
 * 12) In 1997, China Eastern Airlines Co., Ltd. became the first mainland airline company to be listed in Shanghai, Hong Kong and New York.
 * 13) In 2002, China Eastern Airlines, China Northwest Airlines and Yunnan Airlines jointly reorganized and established a new China Eastern Airlines Group Company.
 * 14) In 2009, China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines successfully combined and reorganized to cooperate in the construction of Shanghai International Hub Port.
 * 15) On September 26, 2014, the China Eastern Airlines Boeing 777-300ER passenger plane integrated with the global new generation passenger service system arrived in Shanghai.
 * 16) On December 7, 2014, China Eastern Airlines, which fully promoted the passenger operation, became the first civil aviation company in China to establish an independent e-commerce company. The Eastern Airlines APP operated by China Eastern Airlines e-commerce has opened up the points mall to realize airport transfers, travel vacations, hotel reservations, and departures. One-stop booking of portable Wi-Fi rental and other products.
 * 17) On November 6, 2014, China Eastern Airlines and China Union Pay jointly released the world’s first "air-to-ground interconnected cloud payment platform" that enables instant credit card payments on board.
 * 18) On November 12, 2015, China Eastern Airlines and China Telecom cooperated and became the first civil aviation company in China. In-flight Wi-Fi has been put into commercial operation by airlines, and has quickly built up the largest wide-body fleet in China's civil aviation industry that provides in-flight Internet services.
 * 19) On September 1, 2015, China Eastern Airlines and Delta Air Lines signed a global strategic partnership in Shanghai. Two of the world’s top ten airlines from the world’s two major economies have joined forces to invest resources in deep cooperation in the Sino-US route market; at the same time, Delta subscribed for 46591 million shares of China Eastern Airlines’ H shares, becoming China’s state-owned backbone airline to introduce global aviation The first cooperation between giants as strategic investors.
 * 20) On September 19, 2015, China Eastern Airlines' 50th Airbus a330 aircraft arrived at Shanghai Pudong International Airport. With the subsequent delivery of 15 orders for this aircraft type, China Eastern Airlines has become one of the world's largest operators of this aircraft type.
 * 21) On April 28, 2016, China Eastern Airlines also signed a contract to introduce 15 Boeing 787-9 aircraft and 20 Airbus A350-900 aircraft. China Eastern Airlines will become one of the few airlines in the world that operates two of the most advanced long-range wide-body aircraft at the same time.
 * 22) In 2016, China Eastern Airlines and Ctrip.com signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement in Shanghai to carry out all-round cooperation in areas such as business, shares, and capital markets. Crips subscribed for 3 billion yuan of non-publicly issued A shares of China Eastern Airlines.
 * 23) On November 1, 2016, China Eastern Airlines signed a cooperation framework agreement with COMAC, with the mission of strengthening the national aviation industry and becoming the world's first user of the domestically-made C919 large passenger aircraft.
 * 24) In December 2016, China Eastern Airlines and its main base, Shanghai Airport, respectively welcomed their 100 millionth passenger. Shanghai became the fifth member of the global billion-level aviation hub city club after London, New York, Tokyo, and Atlanta.
 * 25) In 2016, China Eastern Airlines' average daily mobile ticket sales exceeded 20 million yuan, and the average monthly number of new users exceeded 2 million.
 * 26) Today, China Eastern Airlines’ route network covers 80% of the country’s domestic destinations, reaching Asia, Europe, America, and Oceania, and transports more than 100 million passengers annually. As a member of the SkyTeam alliance, one of the world’s three major airline alliances, China Eastern Airlines relies on its own and The route system within the alliance can deliver passengers to 1062 destinations in 177 countries and regions around the world, becoming an important bridge for China's world economic, cultural, and cultural exchanges.

China Southern Airlines
China Southern Airlines Group Co., Ltd. headquartered in Guangzhou, was established on March 25, 1995, with a blue vertical tail inlaid with red kapok as the company logo. It has the largest number of transport aircraft in China and a route network. It is the most developed airline with the largest annual passenger volume. China Southern Airlines' annual passenger traffic ranks first in Asia and third in the world; its fleet size ranks first in Asia and fourth in the world. It is the first airline in the world to operate both Airbus A380 and Boeing 787. It is the civil airline with the most flights in China, the densest route network, and the largest annual passenger volume.


 * 1) The business of China Southern Airlines can be traced back to May 1950 (the year of Geng Yin), when the Civil Aviation Administration of China established the predecessor of China Southern Airlines-the Military Commission and Civil Aviation Guangzhou Office in Guangzhou.
 * 2) In January 1959, the Civil Aviation Guangzhou Administration was formally established to be responsible for the sales of air passenger and cargo in the five central and southern provinces (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Henan).
 * 3) In 1969, the Guangzhou Administration of Civil Aviation established a transportation service team and began to manage and deploy its own fleet.
 * 4) In 1984, the Civil Aviation Administration of China reorganized its business divisions into four major airlines, among which the Civil Aviation Administration of Guangzhou, China Southern Airlines.
 * 5) In 1990, China Southern Airlines, Hong Kong Hutchison Whampoa, and Lockheed of the United States jointly established "Guangzhou Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Co., Ltd." (GAMECO); by 1991, China Southern Airlines had 38 Boeing aircraft flying to 90 domestic destinations and 12 There are six international destinations with an annual passenger volume of 6 million.
 * 6) It was formally established on February 1, 1991.
 * 7) On December 20, 1992, China Southern Airlines became an independent and self-financing economic entity, directly under the Civil Aviation Administration of China.
 * 8) In January 1993, China Southern Airlines was approved by the state to change its name to "China Southern Airlines (Group) Company" and established China Southern Airlines Group with the company as its core enterprise. In the same year, China Southern Airlines also signed an order with Boeing for 6 Boeing 777 passenger planes, including 4 777-200 and 2 777-200ER.
 * 9) China Southern Airlines’ first Boeing 777 was delivered on December 28, 1995, which also made it the operator of this aircraft type in Asia.
 * 10) The first intercontinental route was officially opened in 1996: Guangzhou to Amsterdam via Beijing.
 * 11) In 1997, China Southern Airlines opened a trans-Pacific intercontinental route: Guangzhou to Los Angeles. The outbound route with the flight number CZ327 is also the longest route of China Southern Airlines so far. Therefore, it became the first in aviation history to fly across the Boeing 777. A double-engine extended flight airline in the Pacific.
 * 12) In July 1997, the company successfully listed on the stock exchanges in New York and Hong Kong simultaneously, raising more than US$700 million in funds.
 * 13) In July 2000, the Civil Aviation Administration of China announced that the 10 airlines directly managed by it would be integrated into China's three major aviation groups: Air China, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines. On August 4, China Southern Airlines took the lead in acquiring Centaline Airlines; the following year, it merged into the domestic businesses of Xinjiang Airlines, China Northern Airlines and its subsidiaries North Asia Airlines and Swan Airlines. In addition, China Southern Airlines has successively increased its holdings in many Chinese airlines, is the holding company of Xiamen Airlines (51%) and Chongqing Airlines (60%), and is one of the shareholders of Sichuan Airlines (39%).
 * 14) Listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2003.
 * 15) On September 29, 2003, China Southern Airlines ordered 4 A330-200 series passenger aircraft from Airbus, which was part of the 30 aircraft order signed by China Aviation Equipment Corporation in April of the same year.
 * 16) On February 28, 2005 the first aircraft was delivered, making China Southern Airlines the first A330 operator in mainland China.
 * 17) At 8:00 am on January 29, 2005, China Southern Airlines flight CZ3097 with 234 Taiwanese businessmen took off from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and landed at Taipei Zhongzheng International Airport at 9:20, becoming the first flight after the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. A Chinese mainland plane that landed in Taiwan legally.
 * 18) On October 19, 2006, China Southern Airlines ordered 6 Boeing 777 freighters from Boeing to support the growing demand for trans-Pacific route operations. The first aircraft was delivered on December 3, 2009. China Southern Airlines became the first airline in Mainland China and the fourth in the world to operate this aircraft. On December 30 of the same year, China Southern Airlines opened a flight from Beijing to Lagos, Nigeria via Dubai. It was the first regular passenger flight in East Asia to and from West African countries. The route was suspended due to the global financial crisis and the large fluctuations in international oil prices, but it was successfully resumed on April 11, 2009.
 * 19) On September 6, 2007, China Southern Airlines announced that it had purchased 55 new-generation B737-700 and B737-800 from Boeing to expand its fleet. These aircraft were delivered between May 2011 and October 2013. On October 23, China Southern Airlines signed a contract with Airbus for the purchase of 10 A330-200 aircraft. The delivery will be completed from March 2010 to August 2012. The total contract value is approximately US$1.677 billion.
 * 20) On January 28, China Southern Airlines signed an order for 5 A380-800 aircraft with Airbus. This was also the first order for this aircraft from China. The first China Southern Airlines A380 arrived in 2011. Guangzhou.
 * 21) 19. On June 25, 2009, China Southern Airlines and Guangzhou Asian Organizing Committee held a signing ceremony in Guangzhou, officially becoming the official partner of the 2010 Asian Games, serving athletes, referees, and governments from 45 Asian countries and regions. Officials and media reporters provide aviation services.
 * 22) On January 20, 2010, China Southern Airlines and Airbus signed an agreement to purchase 20 A320 series aircraft. Based on the catalog price, each aircraft was 76.9 million U.S. dollars, and the total transaction amount was 1.538 billion U.S. dollars (approximately RMB 10.5 billion). ). The aircraft was delivered between 2011 and 2013. In March of the same year, China Southern Airlines issued 10.75 billion yuan (approximately US$1.57 billion) of new shares in Shanghai and Hong Kong to pay for outstanding loans. In December, China Southern Airlines introduced new shareholders to its subsidiary Xiamen Airlines and injected RMB 1.46 billion in capital, in order to further improve Xiamen Airlines’ operational management and profitability.
 * 23) On January 25, 2011, China Southern Airlines was awarded the "Four-Star Aviation" certificate by Skytrax, becoming China's first large-scale state-owned airline to be awarded a four-star rating and the largest four-star airline currently operating ; On June 22, it was awarded the title of Skytrax's 2011 Most Improved Airline. In the same year, China Southern Airlines successively added Auckland, Tbilisi, Vancouver and other destinations. Among them, the Guangzhou-Auckland route was the first direct route from Mainland China to New Zealand. On the China-Australia route, South China's shipping capacity has accounted for 52%, making it the largest domestic carrier on the China-Australia route.
 * 24) On October 15, 2011, China Southern Airlines received its first Airbus A380 at the Capital Airport, becoming the first airline in China and the seventh in the world to operate Airbus A380 aircraft.
 * 25) On September 24, 2012, China Southern Airlines and Henan Civil Aviation Development Investment Co., Ltd., a state-owned enterprise, entered into a joint venture contract agreement to establish a joint venture company, China Southern Airlines Henan Airlines Co., Ltd., to expand aviation and supporting businesses in Henan, with a registered capital of 6 billion yuan, China Southern Airlines will invest 3.6 billion yuan (RMB, the same below), accounting for 60% of the equity of the joint venture. The operating period of the joint venture company is 20 years. Within one year before the expiration of the operating period, the operating period may be extended with the consent of the shareholders of the joint venture company.
 * 26) On June 2, 2013, China Southern Airlines received China’s first Boeing 787 from Seattle Everett Airport at Guangzhou’s New Baiyun Airport. This means that China Southern Airlines is China’s first airline to operate Boeing 787 aircraft. the company.
 * 27) On June 21, 2018, China Southern Airlines launched the new function of ticket refunds and rescheduling. No matter where the ticket is purchased, the ticket can be refunded and changed, and it will be credited to the account within 2 hours.

== China Airport Codes and Flight Schedules (All Cities) ==

Climate Crisis
The airline's transportation business connects the world and connects people and goods, but it also brings environmental disadvantages. Emissions, noise, industrial processes and waste.

Emissions

 * 1) Airlines believe that aircraft emissions of greenhouse gases account for only 2% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, which is a very small number. Today, on increasingly efficient airplanes, the amount of fuel consumed by each passenger is roughly the same as the amount of fuel consumed by a half-full car.
 * 2) The simplicity of air travel and declining prices also allow more people to travel more frequently, which means that airlines’ carbon emissions are soaring, while emissions from other sources are declining.
 * 3) Air travel and wind freight manufacturers have been criticized for their carbon emissions.

Noise source
1. The noise caused by the friction between the tires and the ground when the aircraft is taking off and landing.

2. The noise generated by the engine working when the aircraft is flying.

3. The noise is produced when the plane is taxiing.

Aircraft noise
1. Propeller noise;

2. Exhaust noise;

3. Jet noise;

4. Fan noise;

5. Noise caused by pressure fluctuation of the surface layer；

6. The boom was caused by a supersonic plane.

Airport noise
Airport noise is the confluence of aircraft noise,

Influencing factors
1. The type of aircraft and the number of take-offs and landings,

2. The size of the noise pollution area covered by the aircraft flying at a certain altitude;

2. The location of the airport;

3. The distance to the city;

4. The way and time arrangement of the plane's take-off and landing;

5. The layout of the runway in the airport.

Characteristics of aircraft noise
1. Noise level;

2. Spectrum;

3. Noise distribution;

4. Directivity.

The directivity of noise sources has a great impact on environmental pollution. The noise radiation direction of the turbofan engine noise source is mainly concentrated in the front and rear under the aircraft. When an aircraft takes off and lands, the area affected by noise is mainly in the area extending and extending along the runway below the flight, which is very important for the orientation design of the runway.

industrial processes
Aircraft engines use aviation kerosene as fuel to provide power. Various kinds of air pollutants are emitted during operation, impacting human health and environment.

=== waste ===

Emission of carbon dioxide
According to data released by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, a round-trip voyage from Germany to the Maldives (8,000 kilometers one way), the average impact of each passenger on the climate is equivalent to more than 5 tons of carbon dioxide, or equivalent to a medium-sized car traveling 25,000 kilometers. Carbon dioxide emissions.

White smoke behind the plane pollutes the air
Flying at high altitudes not only emits carbon dioxide, but also brings other greenhouse effects. The white smoke left behind the aircraft will form a mist of sulfuric acid under the action of cold and hot air. The emission of nitrogen oxides in the sun will form the greenhouse gas ozone.

serious pollution
Lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions

Polluted air affects health
Harmful substances such as nitrogen oxides emitted by airplanes affect the local air quality.

emission of greenhouse gases
The harmful gas emissions caused by people traveling by plane on vacation account for 70% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Environmental actions of IATA and its members
On September 23, 2009, New York-International Air Transport Association (IATA) presented the aviation industry climate change proposal to the heads of state at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, achieving a global industry solution in reducing aviation industry carbon emissions.

Three commitment goals:
1. From 2009 to 2020, the average annual fuel efficiency will increase by 1.5%.

2. To achieve carbon-neutral growth in 2020, that is, emissions will peak in 2020 and no longer increase.

3. The 2050 emission reduction target is 50% of 2005.

=== A multi-faceted approach: the four-pillar strategy === IATA is determined to be part of the solution but insists that, in order to achieve these targets, a strong commitment is required from all stakeholders working together through the four pillars of the aviation industry strategy:


 * Improved technology, including the deployment of sustainable aviation fuels.
 * More efficient aircraft operations.
 * Infrastructure improvements, including modernized air traffic management systems.
 * A single global market-based measure, to fill the remaining emissions gap.

A global market-based measure for aviation
In 2016, the 39th ICAO Assembly concluded with the adoption of a global offsetting scheme to address CO2 emissions from international aviation. The agreement at ICAO demonstrates that aviation is determined to live up to its commitments and play its part in meeting international goals for emissions reduction.

The scheme established by ICAO is a global offsetting mechanism, called CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). CORSIA aims to stabilize net CO2 emissions starting in 2021 with carbon-neutral growth.

Shrinking footprints
As a result of technological improvements, the noise footprint of new aircraft is at least 15% smaller than that of the aircraft they replace.

Since the first ICAO international standards for aircraft noise were adopted in 1971, certification standards have periodically been made more stringent.

Noise problems need tailor-made solutions
In 2001, the ICAO Assembly unanimously endorsed the ICAO Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management. The core principle of the Balanced Approach is that the noise situation at each airport is unique and that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The ICAO Balanced Approach therefore requires that all available options be evaluated in order to identify the most suitable measure or combination of measures to mitigate a specific noise problem.

= Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) = IATA member airlines and the wider aviation industry are collectively committed to ambitious emissions reduction goals. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) have been identified as one of the key elements in helping achieve these goals. Governmental support is essential to using sustainable aviation fuels to achieve the industry's climate goals.


 * 1) Over 300,000 flights have taken to the skies using SAF since 2016.
 * 2) Seven technical pathways exist.
 * 3) 100 million liters of SAF will be produced in 2021.
 * 4) SAF can reduce emissions by up to 80% during its full lifecycle.
 * 5) Around 7 billion liters of SAF are in forward purchase agreements.
 * 6) More than 45 airlines now have experience with SAF.

= Building New Technologies = The IATA Technology Roadmap provides an overview and assessment of technology opportunities for future aircraft, including improved engine efficiency, aerodynamics, lightweight materials and structures as well as radical new configurations and propulsion systems. Furthermore the benefits of these technologies for aviation emissions are estimated on a world-fleet scale, and the effects of new aircraft developments under changing market conditions are considered.

The IATA Technology Roadmap was created with external support from the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), with contributions from other partners from industry and research organizations.

Technology delivers results for climate action
Amongst the four pillars (technology, operations, infrastructure, economic measures) of aviation's strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in half by 2050 (relative to 2005 levels), technology and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) collectively deliver the highest improvement benefits.

Aircraft Technology Roadmap Report
Since the aviation industry committed to set ambitious climate action goals back in 2009, an impressive number of technological solutions contributing to the 2050 target have been proposed and many related projects have been initiated. These consist of numerous aircraft (airframe and engine) technologies as well as sustainable aviation fuels, operational and infrastructural measures.

= Offsetting CO2 Emissions with CORSIA =


 * 1) In 2016, Governments adopted CORSIA, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, to stabilize net CO2 emissions from international aviation from 2021.
 * 2) CORSIA has applied to international aviation since 1 January 2019 when all airlines were required to report their CO2 emissions on an annual basis. From 1 January 2021, international flights will become subject to offsetting obligations.
 * 3) Offsetting is not intended to replace efforts to reduce the sector’s carbon emissions through technology, operational and infrastructure advances. CORSIA will not make fuel efficiency any less of a day-to-day priority for airlines.

= Enabling Voluntary Carbon Offsetting = There is no alternative to aviation when it comes to long distance and low carbon travel. Carbon offsetting can therefore be seen as an immediate, direct and pragmatic means to encourage action to limit climate change impacts, at least in the short-term.

What is carbon offsetting?
Carbon offsetting is simply a way for individuals or organizations, in this case airline passengers and corporate customers, to “neutralize” their proportion of an aircraft’s carbon emissions on a particular journey by investing in carbon reduction projects.

Carbon offset program

 * 1) Over 30 IATA member airlines have introduced an offset program either integrated into their web-sales engines or to a third party offset provider.
 * 2) IATA’s program brings both standardization to the process and makes it possible for airlines of any size to easily introduce a credible and independently validated offset program.
 * 3) Our program offers best practice in the structure and implementation of carbon offsetting. Offsets are carefully selected and accounted for, and the issue of carbon calculation has been resolved by committing to the ICAO methodology supplemented with actual airline carbon data.

Offset approval standard
The program has been independently audited and approved by the world's highest standard for carbon offsetting - the Quality Assurance Standard. QAS-approved offsets are checked against a 40 point checklist which includes emissions calculations, carbon reduction project selection and information provision. IATA is one of only four organizations worldwide to meet this standard.

= Helping Aircraft Decommissioning = More than 16,000 commercial aircraft have been retired worldwide in the past 35 years, and more recently, some 700 aircraft per year are reaching the end of their operational lives. The trend is growing -over the next 10 years around 11,000 aircraft retirements are expected. The COVID-19 crisis will undoubtable accelerate many of these retirements and several operators have already announced they are bringing forward fleet retirement programs. Aircraft decommissioning is becoming a key process and has to be properly managed to avoid environmental and safety risks.

Best Industry Practices for Aircraft Decommissioning (BIPAD)
IATA’s Best Industry Practices for Aircraft Decommissioning (BIPAD) manual is aimed at aircraft owners and operators and is thus complementary to the AFRA Best Management Practices (BMP) designed for specialized aircraft dismantling and recycling companies.

The BIPAD manual covers all phases of the aircraft end-of-life process:


 * 1) Decision to decommission an aircraft.
 * 2) Selection of facilities.
 * 3) Disassembly process.
 * 4) Dismantling process.
 * 5) Parts distribution and recertification.

Training
The 2-day Aircraft Decommissioning Training provides guidance on business processes, operational experiences and best practices in the industry, reinforced with exercises, discussions, and role play to equip you with the knowledge to optimize the residual value from aircraft decommissioning.

Professional expertise with IATA Consulting
IATA Consulting can assist and guide airlines and aircraft owners in the process of retiring aircraft from service. With expertise in developing and implementing best industry practices, we are able to support aircraft owners throughout the entire cycle of aircraft decommissioning, including dismantling and recycling. This way, aircraft owners can fully leverage the residual value from re-used aircraft parts and recycled materials, whilst minimizing environmental and safety risks.

= Managing Cabin Waste = Airlines recognize the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling cabin waste from their flight operations to reduce their environmental footprint.

Passengers are increasingly worried about the impact of single-use plastics on the marine environment, governments are focusing on minimizing food waste, and airlines are concerned that the regulatory system inhibits their ability to respond to these challenges.

In the absence of smarter regulation, cabin waste volumes could double in the next 10 years. IATA wants to support the simplification and harmonization of cabin waste regulations and promote technical solutions that will reduce industry costs and contribute to the circular economy.

Analysis of waste composition
Because cabin waste is collected and managed by two different contractors (cleaners and caterers), undertaking a holistic cabin waste composition analysis is challenging for airlines. A standard cabin waste audit methodology was developed and tested at London's Heathrow Airport in a pilot study in 2012 and 2013. The study indicated that a typical passenger generated 1.43 kilos of cabin waste (average across both short and long-haul international flights) of which 23% was untouched food and drink and a further 17% consisted of recyclable materials (e.g. plastic bottles and newspapers).

A case for smarter regulation
A major obstacle to airlines' ability to reuse and recycle more cabin waste is the International Catering Waste (ICW) legislation that many governments have adopted. These regulations aim to reduce the risk of transferring animal and plant diseases by requiring ICW to be subject to special treatment.

IATA commissioned a study to understand the risks posed by airline catering waste on animal health. It advocates the adoption of smarter regulation which allows recycling while maintaining animal health controls.